凹性偏好是否一定為邊際效用遞增? - 經濟
By Hardy
at 2012-11-11T19:20
at 2012-11-11T19:20
Table of Contents
※ 引述《abbaabbacdcd (好餓)》之銘言:
: 在準備經濟學考試,讀到無異曲線這邊時有個疑問...
: 凹性偏好的代表性函數是 U=aX^2+bY^2
: 以此函數來看的確是X,Y兩財貨皆為MU遞增
: 我讀的教材也是直接寫凹性偏好是在MU遞增的情況下
: 我的疑問是
: 無異曲線為凹向原點,不是只能代表MRS為遞增嗎? 應該無法保證MU為遞增?
: 之前讀到一般無異曲線形狀(凸向原點)時,教材上卻有說MRS遞減不表示MU遞減
: 難道這不適用於凹性偏好嗎? 若是有反例的話,可以請舉出一個函數作例子嗎?
: 懇請高手賜教!! 也感謝解答
U=aX^2+bY^2
given a>0, b>0
Ux = 2aX > 0 Uy = 2bY > 0
Uxx = 2a > 0 Uyy = 2b > 0
上式表示,兩財貨邊際效用為正,且邊際效用遞增
接著,討論此效用函數MRS 遞增或遞減?
MRS = MUx/MUy = aX/bY
dMRS d aX a 1*Y - X*(dY/dX)
------ = ----(----) = (---) * -----------------
dX dX bY b Y^2
a Y - X*(-aX/bY)
= (---)* -----------------
b Y^2
a Y + aX^2/bY
=(---)* ---------------- > 0
b Y^2
dMRS/dX > 0, MRS 遞增
---------------------------------------------------------------
MRS 遞增與 MU 遞增無必然的相關
證明方式與遞減時相同
let U = U(X,Y)
Ui > 0, i = X, Y
Uii > 0, i = X, Y
Ux[X, Y(X)]
MRSxy = ---------------
Uy[X, Y(X)]
dMRSxy (Uxx + Uxy*dY/dX)*Uy - Ux*(Uyx + Uyy*dY/dX)
--------- = ----------------------------------------------
dX Uy^2
[ Uxx + Uxy*(- Ux/Uy)]*Uy - Ux*[ Uxy + Uyy*(-Ux/Uy)]
= ---------------------------------------------------------
Uy^2
1 Ux Ux
= ------ ( Uxx*Uy - Uxy*----*Uy - UxyUx + Uyy*-----*Ux )
Uy^2 Uy Uy
1
= ------ ( Uxx*Uy^2 - Uxy*UxUy - Uxy*Ux*Uy + UyyUx^2 )
Uy^3
1
= ------ ( UxxUy^2 + UyyUx^2 - 2UxyUxUy) > 0
Uy^3
∵ Uy > 0 ∴ Uy^3 > 0 ----> ( UxxUy^2 + UyyUx^2 - 2UxyUxUy) > 0
-----> UxxUy^2 + UyyUx^2 > 2UxyUxUy
MRS 遞增的條件:UxxUy^2 + UyyUx^2 > 2UxyUxUy
MU 遞增的條件:Uxx > 0, Uyy > 0
亦即:MU 遞增無法保證 MRS 遞增成立
--
無心擁有 何嘆失去
無心真正追尋過的擁有 便無須矯情怨失去
若是無悔追尋過 烙在心頭上 又怎能失的去
--
: 在準備經濟學考試,讀到無異曲線這邊時有個疑問...
: 凹性偏好的代表性函數是 U=aX^2+bY^2
: 以此函數來看的確是X,Y兩財貨皆為MU遞增
: 我讀的教材也是直接寫凹性偏好是在MU遞增的情況下
: 我的疑問是
: 無異曲線為凹向原點,不是只能代表MRS為遞增嗎? 應該無法保證MU為遞增?
: 之前讀到一般無異曲線形狀(凸向原點)時,教材上卻有說MRS遞減不表示MU遞減
: 難道這不適用於凹性偏好嗎? 若是有反例的話,可以請舉出一個函數作例子嗎?
: 懇請高手賜教!! 也感謝解答
U=aX^2+bY^2
given a>0, b>0
Ux = 2aX > 0 Uy = 2bY > 0
Uxx = 2a > 0 Uyy = 2b > 0
上式表示,兩財貨邊際效用為正,且邊際效用遞增
接著,討論此效用函數MRS 遞增或遞減?
MRS = MUx/MUy = aX/bY
dMRS d aX a 1*Y - X*(dY/dX)
------ = ----(----) = (---) * -----------------
dX dX bY b Y^2
a Y - X*(-aX/bY)
= (---)* -----------------
b Y^2
a Y + aX^2/bY
=(---)* ---------------- > 0
b Y^2
dMRS/dX > 0, MRS 遞增
---------------------------------------------------------------
MRS 遞增與 MU 遞增無必然的相關
證明方式與遞減時相同
let U = U(X,Y)
Ui > 0, i = X, Y
Uii > 0, i = X, Y
Ux[X, Y(X)]
MRSxy = ---------------
Uy[X, Y(X)]
dMRSxy (Uxx + Uxy*dY/dX)*Uy - Ux*(Uyx + Uyy*dY/dX)
--------- = ----------------------------------------------
dX Uy^2
[ Uxx + Uxy*(- Ux/Uy)]*Uy - Ux*[ Uxy + Uyy*(-Ux/Uy)]
= ---------------------------------------------------------
Uy^2
1 Ux Ux
= ------ ( Uxx*Uy - Uxy*----*Uy - UxyUx + Uyy*-----*Ux )
Uy^2 Uy Uy
1
= ------ ( Uxx*Uy^2 - Uxy*UxUy - Uxy*Ux*Uy + UyyUx^2 )
Uy^3
1
= ------ ( UxxUy^2 + UyyUx^2 - 2UxyUxUy) > 0
Uy^3
∵ Uy > 0 ∴ Uy^3 > 0 ----> ( UxxUy^2 + UyyUx^2 - 2UxyUxUy) > 0
-----> UxxUy^2 + UyyUx^2 > 2UxyUxUy
MRS 遞增的條件:UxxUy^2 + UyyUx^2 > 2UxyUxUy
MU 遞增的條件:Uxx > 0, Uyy > 0
亦即:MU 遞增無法保證 MRS 遞增成立
--
無心擁有 何嘆失去
無心真正追尋過的擁有 便無須矯情怨失去
若是無悔追尋過 烙在心頭上 又怎能失的去
--
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