論海運終將脫離景氣循環 - 股票

By Lauren
at 2021-05-13T21:47
at 2021-05-13T21:47
Table of Contents
一樣代po
市場充斥著雜音
許多說法認為海運是景氣循環股
航運漲勢僅是一波流
在疫情緩解後,海運終歸會回到過去
或是比以前好一些些的運價水準
更有甚者拿國巨之亂或口罩之亂來比擬
但也是因為過去海運20年來的確都是一波流才會有如此刻板印象
不過基於以下因素
海運終將脫離景氣循環股
進入穩定高運價的營運模式
1.產業結構轉型
海運產業從過去大造船時代最多934家
至今銳減為64家
至2020年造船訂單為近20年新低
表示產業運力增加極為有限
即使現在大量下單造船
每艘船工期達1.5年到2年
要回到過去殺價競爭已是不可能
況且從製造業缺工缺料的現況可合理預期
造船工期只會增加不會減少
而且很少人關注的是
一般貨櫃船使用年限為15年
十年來造船廠大量倒閉導致新船越來越少
相對地舊船越來越多
甚至航商為了減少虧損主動拆新船
未來五年非常多的舊船面臨拆船(運力減少)
此消彼也消之下,更加顯示"缺船"才是這波航運的關鍵。
2.運價飆漲原因
不管什麼價格都是供給與需求的拉扯的結果
國巨之亂是單一產業供需失衡造成的
其中不乏許多人為因素(產業老大村田減產、供應鏈囤貨)
因被動元件也不是什麼高技術產業
當時許多公司爭相購入製造機台及可跨入產業
最終供給過剩導致泡沫破裂,口罩之亂亦如是
然而此次運價飆漲屬於總體經濟因素
與國巨之亂或口罩之亂等單一低產業門檻的供需失衡完全不一樣
除了疫情之外,封城搶購物資、美國大撒幣等等都讓消費大幅度成長
中國出口最大港廣州藍田港、美西最大進口港洛杉磯港吞吐量都逐月創歷史新高
顯示運價飆漲是由於世界大量物流需求拉動
大量增加的運輸需求卻面臨成長極少的運力增長
自然讓海運艙位奇貨可居,運價飆漲
3.疫情結束後不會運價回落
許多人認為此次運價飆漲是因為疫情導致塞港、缺櫃、缺工的緣故
在疫情緩解後,港口工作速度加快,運價就會回落低水準
疫情嚴重的時候因為封城搶購物資導致物資(海運)需求增加
疫情結束之後反而更會因為恢復工作讓所得增加
所增加消費需求只會更強
可是做點簡單的總經功課就可以明顯發現
世界經濟成長率越高,海運需求就越強
前20年間的海運股價一波流都是在景氣衰退後的復甦期
但是因為船實在太多總是很快將需求消化完畢
最後運價快速回落,股價也快速下跌
然而因為論點1,海運運力無法成長
運力供需結構已改變,運價勢必無法回到過去低水準
3.消費端要補庫存、生產端亦如是
從美國企業存貨銷售比可以看到
零售業存貨處於歷史低點水準
宏遠報告提到要回補庫存依過去經驗約需1.5年到2年
所以消費需求可以支撐海運運輸需求1.5年到2年
可是這是只看消費面
要補庫存也要生產端製造的出產品
再看美國製造業客戶端存貨指數也是歷史新低
表示生產端完成品存貨極低
製造業已難以提供完成品供消費端消費
顯示消費端庫存回補將面臨嚴重挑戰
推論美國零售業存貨將大於1.5年到2年
海運未來運輸存在強大需求是無虞的
4.印度疫情日趨嚴重
鮮少人知道,印度人船員佔全世界船員將近30%
印度疫情爆發將導致海運人力短缺
進一步讓緊繃的運力雪上加霜
雖然是海運運價利多
仍然祝印度早日控制疫情
5.運價漲跌取決於全球市場供需,難以輕易影響
最強大的極權國家莫如中國
在2020年曾嘗試壓抑海運運價
找海運大咖來喝咖啡聊是非
表面運價是壓抑了
殊不知大量海運運輸需求仍讓海運航商的艙位奇貨可居
檯面下的附加費加到檯面上運價的1.5倍以上
以計程車來比喻
檯面上運價是計程車起跳價
檯面下的附加費就是跳錶跳到天上去的費用
你不付附加費就是用各種原因讓你上不了船
甚至現在願意付附加價也不一定上的了船
可見即使強勢如中國都無法抗衡失去平衡的海運供需狀態
6.海運運輸需求減少了?沒關係,航商減少航班
往年農曆年節顯著下跌的運價
而今年只有2%-5%的緩跌
這是為什麼?中國年節連假出口量減少了
依供需法則運價應該要下跌阿
不好意思,航商會自主減少航班維持運價
過去因為船太多了,年節即使減少航班只是為了減少營運成本
而現在缺船,減少航班目的是為了維持運價
否則歐美消費需求旺盛
應該要早點將積壓在中國港口的出口存貨運出去啊
但航商不是白癡
全球航商有默契地在中國年節連假一齊減少航班
以維持高運價,有錢大家一起賺啦
7.環保意識
國際海事組織(IMO)要求自2020年1月1日起船隻必須使用低硫燃料油以減低污染,
新船已經自備脫硫器,舊船必須進廠安裝脫硫器
舊船在安裝脫硫器前必須使用昂貴的低硫燃油
除了MSC跟長榮有大批新船之外
其他航商的船大多數都是舊船
舊船進廠安裝脫硫器工期約2個月
每年約有3-4%的運力受到影響,象徵著運力減少
這是現正進行中的環保影響。
另外前陣子歐盟決議課徵課徵碳關稅,減碳形成國際共識
單單海運產業排碳就佔全球的2%-3%
如果是一個國家的話是全球第七
未來海運勢必有減碳措施,否則或有可能面臨碳稅等罰則
如果無法開發乾淨的生物燃料
唯一解法就剩下船隻航速減速
https://ctee.com.tw/news/global/89290.html
(全球逾100家船運公司近日連署致函IMO,呼籲讓他們透過船隻減速的方式達成減碳目標
。)
https://www.cw.com.tw/article/5104611
(要達到聯合國減空污、減碳的目標,俞克維說,「減速是目前最好的方法。」)
如果,是說如果,真的發生了
海運將會成為全球最頂端的產業利潤掠食者,不過這都是後話了
最後再次強調,爆發性的消費即零售商回補庫存才是推升運價的主因,塞港、缺櫃只是推
波助瀾,疫情讓航運恢復健康的產業結構,疫情如果更加嚴重反而會降低準班率是不利海
運的,而各大航運聯盟勢必努力控制運量維持賣方議價權(老實說想增加運量也很困難),
不會輕易回到過去的買方市場,最終海運將維持高水準運價。
以上淺見跟大家分享。
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at 2022-05-10T08:35

By Irma
at 2022-05-15T02:24
at 2022-05-15T02:24

By Suhail Hany
at 2022-05-19T06:06
at 2022-05-19T06:06

By Todd Johnson
at 2022-05-22T06:25
at 2022-05-22T06:25

By Zanna
at 2022-05-24T00:02
at 2022-05-24T00:02

By Liam
at 2022-05-27T03:51
at 2022-05-27T03:51

By Daph Bay
at 2022-05-28T03:02
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at 2022-06-21T03:37
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at 2022-06-23T16:52
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at 2022-06-26T23:35
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at 2022-06-27T11:55
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By Lucy
at 2022-06-30T01:30
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at 2022-07-03T15:39
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at 2022-07-04T20:05
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at 2022-07-13T17:53
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at 2022-07-24T01:34
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at 2022-08-17T09:51
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at 2022-08-19T09:22
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at 2022-08-23T02:58
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at 2022-08-27T23:32
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at 2022-08-29T16:01
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at 2022-09-01T22:34
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at 2022-09-04T18:28
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at 2022-09-05T23:42
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at 2022-09-09T11:43
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at 2022-09-14T04:58
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at 2022-09-19T21:53
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at 2022-10-08T01:49
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at 2022-10-21T01:51
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at 2022-10-23T22:32
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at 2022-12-21T14:15
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By Jessica
at 2023-01-14T20:32
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By Mason
at 2023-01-20T22:23
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at 2023-01-21T12:39
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at 2023-01-25T04:36
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at 2023-01-25T21:54
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at 2023-01-25T23:36
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By Barb Cronin
at 2023-01-27T19:57
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By Olive
at 2023-01-28T23:10
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at 2023-01-31T18:12
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By Hedy
at 2023-02-05T12:11
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By Sarah
at 2023-03-08T05:22
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By Margaret
at 2023-03-10T14:09
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By Susan
at 2023-03-10T23:48
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By Agnes
at 2023-03-15T14:13
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By Margaret
at 2023-03-18T15:53
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By Zanna
at 2023-03-23T01:35
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By Joe
at 2023-03-24T14:05
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By Zanna
at 2023-03-26T06:18
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By Dora
at 2023-03-31T00:29
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By Genevieve
at 2023-04-03T21:03
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By Jacob
at 2023-04-05T11:21
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By Ida
at 2023-04-09T07:00
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By Caitlin
at 2023-04-10T19:17
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By Hedda
at 2023-04-14T10:00
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By Elvira
at 2023-04-19T04:09
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By Odelette
at 2023-04-21T23:28
at 2023-04-21T23:28

By Regina
at 2023-04-24T08:33
at 2023-04-24T08:33

By Vanessa
at 2023-04-25T19:09
at 2023-04-25T19:09

By Agatha
at 2023-04-28T03:51
at 2023-04-28T03:51

By Brianna
at 2023-04-30T21:52
at 2023-04-30T21:52

By Kyle
at 2023-05-05T17:49
at 2023-05-05T17:49

By Kyle
at 2023-05-10T08:18
at 2023-05-10T08:18

By Charlotte
at 2023-05-13T18:15
at 2023-05-13T18:15

By Susan
at 2023-05-13T23:44
at 2023-05-13T23:44

By Hardy
at 2023-05-15T14:54
at 2023-05-15T14:54

By Eartha
at 2023-05-17T22:48
at 2023-05-17T22:48

By Lydia
at 2023-05-18T13:26
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By Ursula
at 2023-05-22T12:34
at 2023-05-22T12:34

By Susan
at 2023-05-26T20:29
at 2023-05-26T20:29

By Skylar Davis
at 2023-05-29T04:28
at 2023-05-29T04:28

By Charlotte
at 2023-06-01T06:26
at 2023-06-01T06:26

By Puput
at 2023-06-03T17:00
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By Liam
at 2023-06-07T17:05
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By Olivia
at 2023-06-11T02:14
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By Hedwig
at 2023-06-12T10:01
at 2023-06-12T10:01

By Zora
at 2023-06-16T13:48
at 2023-06-16T13:48

By Queena
at 2023-06-18T18:36
at 2023-06-18T18:36

By Damian
at 2023-06-19T04:01
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By Hedy
at 2023-06-22T23:26
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By Edwina
at 2023-06-23T15:40
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By Jake
at 2023-06-28T04:03
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