均等論 - 專利

此種判斷的結果是均等成立，且先前技術阻卻成立，不侵權。
^^^^^^^^^^
此處所謂的「均等成立」，不是代表真的「均等成立」，僅是一種假設。

要推翻一個理論，有時從正面的論證很難著手或說服人，
此時，可先假設它成立，再利用反面的論證方式，推翻此假設。

亦即，預先假設均等成立，再利用「先前技術阻卻」來測設假設的均等範圍。
僅有通過「先前技術阻卻」的測設，此時“真的”均等才成立。

什麼是「均等」？這是很難有一個統一的客觀的答案，
法官嘗試著創造各種的方法，來儘可能地找出一個客觀的範圍。

從積極的角度，亦即使用「function, way, result」或insubstantial differences 」
等方法，將文字範圍擴大至均等範圍。但，擴大後的範圍，適當嗎？
而且，每個人擴大後的範圍也可能不一樣啊，從多個均等範圍，
如何選一個適當的均等範圍？

因此，法官再創造出「先前技術阻卻」或「禁反言」的方法，
從消極面的角度，來確認「擴大後的範圍」是否合理；或者是否能夠「擴大範圍」。

基本上，這些都是方法論，用來決定是否適用均等的方法，僅有通過這些方法
的範圍，才是適當的均等範圍，此時均等侵權才能夠成立。


http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/01opinions/01-1029.html
It is well settled law that a patentee cannot assert a range of equivalents
that

encompasses the prior art. Wilson Sporting Goods Co. v. David Geoffrey &
Assocs.,

904 F.2d 677, 683, 14 USPQ2d 1942, 1948 (Fed. Cir. 1990). To test this
limit, the notion

of a hypothetical claim may be useful. Id. at 684, 14 USPQ2d at 1948. A
hypothetical

claim may be constructed to literally cover the accused device. Id. If such
a claim

would be unpatentable under 35 U.S.C. §§ 102 or 103, then the patentee has

overreached, and the accused device is noninfringing as a matter of law. Id.
at 683-84,

14 USPQ2d at 1948. The burden of producing evidence of prior art to
challenge a

hypothetical claim rests with an accused infringer, but the burden of proving


patentability of the hypothetical claim rests with the patentee.
Streamfeeder, LLC v.

Sure-Feed Sys., Inc., 175 F.3d 974, 984, 50 USPQ2d 1515, 1521 (Fed. Cir.
1999).

專利侵害鑑定要點第 44 頁

(三) 判斷「先前技術阻卻」之注意事項

1.主張「先前技術阻卻」有利於被告，故應由被告負舉證責任。若被告未主張「先前
技術阻卻」，他人不得主動提供相關先前技術資料，以判斷待鑑定對象是否適用「
先前技術阻卻」。
The burden of producing evidence of prior art to challenge a

hypothetical claim rests with an accused infringer, but the burden of proving


patentability of the hypothetical claim rests with the patentee.
Streamfeeder, LLC v.

Sure-Feed Sys., Inc., 175 F.3d 974, 984, 50 USPQ2d 1515, 1521 (Fed. Cir.
1999).


http://www.bakerbotts.com/64/infocenter/publications/detail.aspx?id=1974
"Hypothetical claim analysis" is a methodology for assisting in the
determination as to

whether the patentee, in asserting a right to exclude under the doctrine of
equivalents,

has exceeded the bounds of the third limitation and impermissibly ensnared
the prior

art. Typically, a "hypothetical" claim is drafted to read on the accused
device or

system. This is called a "hypothetical claim" because it has not been issued
within a

patent – it is an assumption. The next question is whether this hypothetical
claim would

have been allowed to issue in a patent by the Patent Office (i.e., is the
hypothetical

claim patentable over the prior art?). If so, then the doctrine of
equivalents would apply

– the prior art would not preclude assertion of a range of equivalents to
cover the

accused product.

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