看不懂外資的操作 - 股票
By Jacob
at 2021-01-13T12:27
at 2021-01-13T12:27
Table of Contents
放空大盤不一定是看空,也不一定是要賣股票對沖基金有種槓桿操作是200%做多、100%做
空,或是某種多空比例的部位。
這邊講一個概念,任何股票都會承擔系統性風險β(大盤風險),這是不可用分散來減少
的,只能用持有比例來降低系統性風險。例如持有股票佔總部位30%,就是承擔0.3倍的系
統性風險;槓桿持有200%,就必須承擔2倍系統性風險。
當你非常看好一些標的時,認為它未來長期會跑贏大盤,可以持有那些標的超過100%的部
位,可是又想規避超過100%的系統性風險,那就可以去對等做空你超過100%的部位。如此
一來你就可以用槓桿獲得更大的報酬,卻不用承擔更大的系統風險。
就簡單假設個股都買台積電好了(實際上一定是一籃子的股票,不可能單壓)
假設做多200%台積電、做空100%台指期那你績效就會是:1倍β+2倍個股溢酬
β就是大盤績效,以加權報酬指數來說過去一年大約是32%;那台積電的個股益酬約是75%
-32%= 43%,兩倍就是86%。最後整個投資組合報酬是118%,
可是最厲害的是,你承受的還是一倍的大盤風險喔(系統性風險),槓桿台積電多出來的
100%系統風險,被100%的台指空單對沖掉了。
有人提到外資會在賣股票的時候用期貨避險。但必須知道外資法人不是一個人,是一堆不
同的基金或投資公司,他們怎麼知道其他家要賣股票了?所以所謂的法人期貨避險,更多
時候是要對沖槓桿帶來的系統性風險。
做多200%做空100%的好處是,你可以獲得更大的個股益酬,卻不用承擔任何槓桿所造成更
大的系統性風險(β),而且大盤上漲時,會漲更多;系統風險發生下跌時,卻可以跌更少
!
對沖基金更高階的操作,會是用槓桿進行因子的多空對沖。在股市中已經發現上百種因子
,能長期能穩定跑贏大盤(這裡的長期通常是10年以上),知名因子如:價值因子、規模
因子、動能因子、獲利因子、投資因子......
那如果這些因子確定可以長期跑贏大盤,那有些追求穩健的對沖基金,就會去做多因子(
買入一籃子相關的股票)、放空同等部位的大盤。這樣可以不用承受「任何」系統性風險
,卻獲得因子的溢酬。
題外話,
可是喔,這10年價值因子跟規模因子吃屎了(在美國是這樣,全球沒有),今年更離譜,
價值因子的溢籌是-20幾%,所以做因子多空對沖的對沖基金通通吃屎
那散戶可以這樣做嗎?
不行,因為這種多空需要有非常便宜的槓桿利率,這些對沖基金要嘛可以拿到便宜的槓桿
,要嘛有些很神奇的方法可以拿到免費的槓桿。像是巴菲特就用保險公司的財務結構,取
得1.6倍的免錢槓桿。
你散戶開融資要6%,有些因子溢酬一年就2-3%,融資利率就比溢酬高了
--
空,或是某種多空比例的部位。
這邊講一個概念,任何股票都會承擔系統性風險β(大盤風險),這是不可用分散來減少
的,只能用持有比例來降低系統性風險。例如持有股票佔總部位30%,就是承擔0.3倍的系
統性風險;槓桿持有200%,就必須承擔2倍系統性風險。
當你非常看好一些標的時,認為它未來長期會跑贏大盤,可以持有那些標的超過100%的部
位,可是又想規避超過100%的系統性風險,那就可以去對等做空你超過100%的部位。如此
一來你就可以用槓桿獲得更大的報酬,卻不用承擔更大的系統風險。
就簡單假設個股都買台積電好了(實際上一定是一籃子的股票,不可能單壓)
假設做多200%台積電、做空100%台指期那你績效就會是:1倍β+2倍個股溢酬
β就是大盤績效,以加權報酬指數來說過去一年大約是32%;那台積電的個股益酬約是75%
-32%= 43%,兩倍就是86%。最後整個投資組合報酬是118%,
可是最厲害的是,你承受的還是一倍的大盤風險喔(系統性風險),槓桿台積電多出來的
100%系統風險,被100%的台指空單對沖掉了。
有人提到外資會在賣股票的時候用期貨避險。但必須知道外資法人不是一個人,是一堆不
同的基金或投資公司,他們怎麼知道其他家要賣股票了?所以所謂的法人期貨避險,更多
時候是要對沖槓桿帶來的系統性風險。
做多200%做空100%的好處是,你可以獲得更大的個股益酬,卻不用承擔任何槓桿所造成更
大的系統性風險(β),而且大盤上漲時,會漲更多;系統風險發生下跌時,卻可以跌更少
!
對沖基金更高階的操作,會是用槓桿進行因子的多空對沖。在股市中已經發現上百種因子
,能長期能穩定跑贏大盤(這裡的長期通常是10年以上),知名因子如:價值因子、規模
因子、動能因子、獲利因子、投資因子......
那如果這些因子確定可以長期跑贏大盤,那有些追求穩健的對沖基金,就會去做多因子(
買入一籃子相關的股票)、放空同等部位的大盤。這樣可以不用承受「任何」系統性風險
,卻獲得因子的溢酬。
題外話,
可是喔,這10年價值因子跟規模因子吃屎了(在美國是這樣,全球沒有),今年更離譜,
價值因子的溢籌是-20幾%,所以做因子多空對沖的對沖基金通通吃屎
那散戶可以這樣做嗎?
不行,因為這種多空需要有非常便宜的槓桿利率,這些對沖基金要嘛可以拿到便宜的槓桿
,要嘛有些很神奇的方法可以拿到免費的槓桿。像是巴菲特就用保險公司的財務結構,取
得1.6倍的免錢槓桿。
你散戶開融資要6%,有些因子溢酬一年就2-3%,融資利率就比溢酬高了
--
Tags:
股票
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