川普錯了 權威證據:中美貿易戰輸家是美 - 股票
By Jack
at 2019-03-09T00:21
at 2019-03-09T00:21
Table of Contents
1.原文連結:
※過長無法點擊者必須縮網址
https://money.udn.com/money/story/5599/3678370
2.原文內容:
川普錯了 權威證據:中美貿易戰輸家是美國
美國總統川普口口聲聲說,他就要打贏和中國的貿易戰了,但越來越多證據顯示,目前為
止,這場貿易戰的輸家,只有美國經濟。
彭博報導,頂尖經濟學家2日與3日公布兩份報告宣稱,川普課徵的關稅,會是1930年造成
經濟大蕭條(Great Depression)惡化的史慕特-霍利關稅法(Smoot-HawleyTariff Act
)以來,最重大的貿易實驗。
經濟學家也發現,川普關稅對美國經濟帶來的初步成本高達數以十億計美元,而且大半是
由美國消費者在負擔。
紐約聯邦準備銀行(Federal Reserve Bank ofNew York)、普林斯頓大學、哥倫比亞大
學經濟學家2日公布的研究發現,川普去年對2500億美元的中國進口商品課徵關稅,導致
美國企業與消費者每個月得多付出約30億美元的稅負成本,企業另要支付14億美元的無謂
損失。
關稅也造成一年1650億美元的貿易轉移,導致企業得支付重組供應鏈的可觀成本。
值得注意的是,阿米提(Mary Amiti)、芮丁(Stephen Redding)、溫斯坦(David
Weinstein)分析進口價格數據後發現,幾乎所有關稅成本都落到了美國消費者和企業頭
上,和川普宣稱關稅是中國在付的說法大相逕庭。
貿易戰只是影響美國經濟的因素之一,美國暴露貿易的程度不若德國等西方大型經濟體,
因此衝擊不會那麼大,但溫斯坦堅稱上述數字意義重大。阿米提、芮丁、溫斯坦接下來將
量化因貿易戰暫停的投資量。
世界銀行首席經濟學家高柏(Pinelopi Goldberg)等4位經濟學家3日發布的另一份報告
則指出,美國單是因為進口成本上揚導致的損失,一年就高達688億美元,將近國內生產
毛額(GDP)近0.4%。
但美國生產商受惠於關稅衍生的保護主義,攤平了部分損失。高柏等人的研究發現,扣除
調高關稅與國內生產商漲價的利益,貿易戰對美國經濟整體損失降至64億美元,相當於
GDP的0.03%。
高柏等人的研究同樣發現,關稅成本多由消費者和美企負擔,除此之外,他們還指出,列
入他國報復等因素之後,貿易戰最大受害者是農民,以及2016年大選支持川普的藍領勞工
。
「最受貿易戰衝擊的是偏向共和黨鄉郡的勞工,部分原因是報復不成比例地針對農業,以
及美國關稅導致這些鄉郡輸入成本增加。」
這是探討川普關稅對美國經濟影響,迄今最權威的兩份研究。
川普的經濟顧問委員會(Council of EconomicAdvisers)發言人婉拒評論這兩份報告,
請記者改問美國貿易代表萊特海澤(Robert Lighthizer)。記者目前無法聯絡上美國貿
易代表署詢問看法。
3.心得/評論:
最受貿易戰衝擊的是當初因為害怕工作被來自落後國家外勞移民搶走的美國勞工
和農民,關稅則跟川普說的不同,關稅不是由中國負擔,反而大多是由美國消費者吞下。
這場貿易戰的輸家,只有美國經濟。
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