不停損的下場…華爾街金童掉漆 他兩天輸 - 股票

By Kumar
at 2021-04-10T01:34
at 2021-04-10T01:34
Table of Contents
原文標題:不停損的下場…華爾街金童掉漆 他兩天輸光200億美元身家!
原文連結:https://www.cmmedia.com.tw/home/articles/26789
發布時間:2021-04-09 17:22
原文內容:
昔日「華爾街金童」投機客Bill Hwang用借來的巨資,重押幾檔美國上市的中概股,賭股
價上漲,卻沒想到股價殺個措手不及,讓他操盤的基金清算破產,他一夕之間成為窮光蛋
。
《彭博》報導稱,韓裔操盤人Bill Hwang在輸光200億美元身家之前,可說是華爾街偉大
的交易員。
從2013年開始,他將破產對沖基金結算剩餘的2億美元重押幾檔股票,累積驚人的身家。
如果今年3月初,他見好就收,賣出基金持股,收回現金,57歲的Bill Hwang將輕鬆進入
全球超級億萬富豪排行榜。
超級富豪會分散投資,主要投資股票、房地產、金融衍生工具、球隊、藝術品等,但是
Bill Hwang的200億美元財富來得快去得也快,在短短2天之內蒸發了。
3月下旬,Bill Hwang操盤的對沖基金Archegos資本管理公司突然破產,這是現代金融史
上最引人注目的破產案例:沒有一個人可以如此迅速虧掉這麼多錢。
Hwang本人的財富在鼎盛時期一度超過300億美元。
這也是一個奇特的案例,不同於1998年華爾街明星和諾貝爾獎得主經營的長期資本管理公
司(LTCM)的突然破產,在小圈圈之外,大家沒有聽過Hwang這號人物:他是虔誠基督徒
、前對沖基金經理人以及銀行家。
出事前Hwang本來是神秘投資大咖
他成為不用浮出水面的最大鯨魚(在市場上占主導地位的操盤人)。無論出於故意還是偶
然,Archegos都沒有出現在上市公司的大股東名冊上。
Hwang利用衍生工具價差合約,使投資人無需直接擁有基礎資產,就可以承受基礎資產的
損益。這種操作模式隱匿他的身份和部位的規模,即使對Hwang提供融資的投資銀行,也
看不到全貌。
所以,在3月26日(周五),當世界各地的投資者得知為Archegos利用借款建立1千億美元
投資組合,卻爆發違約時,大家都在問Bill Hwang是誰?
由於Hwang使用借來的錢,做五倍的槓桿,因此,Hwang的倒閉留下了毀滅的痕跡。
高盛、摩根士丹利等投資銀行大量拋售他的股票,使股價大跌。Hwang的金主瑞信大虧47
億美元,日本野村虧損約20億美元。
Hwang出身寒微單親家庭
身處金融危機的中心,Hwang出身寒微,不是含著金湯匙出生,沒有私人飛機、也沒有黃
石俱樂部的山上小屋、更沒有曼哈頓高層豪宅。他2019年在紐澤西州都會社區教堂播放影
片自我介紹:「我出生在牧師的家庭,我們家很窮。」
Hwang在華爾街的大樓總部外表平凡無奇,但裡面臥虎藏龍,他是「老虎系基金經理人」
,是羅伯遜(Julian Robertson)對沖基金巨頭老虎管理公司(Tiger Management)的高
徒。在2000年代,Hwang經營自己的基金「亞洲老虎管理公司」(Tiger Asia),其資產
頂峰達到約100億美元。
即使他被美國證管會指控內線交易,或是他在2012年代表Tiger Asia承認犯有欺詐罪,但
這些犯罪紀錄都沒關係,他仍然為管理自己的個人財富,在2013年創立家族辦公室
Archegos,賺進大把鈔票,銀行金主們急著放款給Hwang。
Archegos融資集中幾檔股票
Hwang的策略很簡單,Archegos將借入的大部分資金投入少數幾檔股票:ViacomCBS、GSX
Techedu、Shopify、中概股愛奇藝、百度、跟誰學、騰訊音樂、唯品會。
Archegos卻在3月25日違約了,Hwang帝國瓦解,他喜歡跟朋友說,自己的時間平均分配給
三種關係:家人、生意、慈善機構恩典與慈悲基金會。
Bill Hwang本名宋國煌(Sung Kok Hwang),1982年從南韓移民到美國,並以英文名Bill
命名。在單親媽媽撫養下,他進入加州大學洛杉磯分校,而後在卡內基梅隆大學獲得MBA
學位。
在2008年在網上發布的錄影帶商學院同學聚會上,Hwang談到畢業後的一個目標:搬到紐
約。 1996年,在兩家證券公司擔任營業員後,他在老虎管理基金擔任分析師的工作。
幫對沖基金大師羅伯遜工作,就像為紐約洋基隊(New York Yankees)效力,Hwang當時
許多同事繼續創立了世界上最成功的幾檔對沖基金。
對沖大師強調停損認賠的重要性
Hwang從羅伯遜學到最大一門課程:承受損失。老虎基金有一次操作日圓匯率錯誤,一次
虧掉20億美元,Hwang回憶說,「當時每個人都感到恐慌」,羅伯遜進入交易室淡定地說
:「伙計們,冷靜點。這只是工作,我們已經盡力了。」
Hwang最初僅投資南韓、日本和中國公司股票,來凸顯自己的與眾不同。前客戶和同事說
,Hwang將Tiger Asia投資組合集中在少數股票上,並加以利用。他的25檔公司的部位有
些是多頭,有些是放空。一位前僱員說,Hwang很神祕,不會跟自己的分析師透露大量持
有哪些股票。幾年後,他在Archegos複製這些神秘的模式。
對於Hwang來說,2020年第四季是豐收的一季。標普500指數上漲近12%,但Archegos持有
的10檔股票中有7檔上漲了30%以上,百度、Vipshop和Farfetch至少大漲70%。
因此,Archegos成為華爾街垂涎的客戶。知情人士說,Archegos每年向投資銀行共支付超
過一億美元利息和手續費。
Archegos每年向投資銀行支付1億多美元費用
然而,在3月23日,ViacomCBS下跌9%,24日重挫23%。Hwang的持股陷入空頭困境,危及
他的價差合約協議。幾位銀行家求他賣出持股,他們認為,他可以承擔損失並存活下來,
避免違約。
據知情人士透露,Hwang拒絕羅伯遜的教訓,不願意停損認賠出場。
25日,摩根士丹利沒有通知Hwang,採取了先發制人的行動,以折讓價悄悄出售Archegos
的50億美元資產。26日在紐約上午9:30開盤之前,高盛開始拋售66億美元百度、騰訊音樂
、唯品會股票。緊接著拋售39億美元的ViacomCBS,Discovery、Farfetch、Iqiyi和GSX
Techedu股票。
當煙霧終於消散時,高盛、德意志銀行、摩根士丹利和富國銀行毫髮無損地逃脫Archegos
的大火。關於Archegos清算破產,大家可以說,最好的事情是,它並沒有引發美股崩盤。
心得/評論:一度賺太多,槓桿開太大,有了天選之人的錯覺。
最後很容易就在奇怪的執念下摔得極慘。
--
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