QM(小輕原油)結算價為負的完整原因 - 股票
By Ida
at 2020-04-21T22:24
at 2020-04-21T22:24
Table of Contents
板上前面有些文章討論了,不過我覺得有些不太完整,所以拋磚引玉說明一下
首先,原油期貨本身就是個投機交易遠高原始商品避險交易的賭場
存在大量對賭和套利
所以影響價格的主因,並非是由經濟學原因去思考,而是從投機交易行為去解釋
當然核心原因一定是符合經濟學原理的,但投機行為會使得波動放大
這次QM結算價為負是三個因素疊合成的
一是CL近-遠套利交易的成本變高
二是CL買方合約和賣方合約的違約風險不對等,導致多殺多
三是QM 是以 CL最後交易日前一天的收盤價為結算價
1.
CL也就是WTI輕原油合約的「買近賣遠」套利交易,同時也是造市機制的一部份
如前所述,原油期貨本身就是投機性質很高的交易。
每個月開倉的口數都是遠大於最後真的會交割的口數
而在庫欣有儲油設施和輸油管道的石油業者,其套利交易的運輸/倉儲成本是很低的
因此長期以來CL多單,都依賴於石油商的造市進行轉倉
而近來因為大家的儲油設施都滿了,所以近月遠月的價差不斷放大
因為沒辦法用管線直送儲油槽的話,交割的成本其實不小,也就是套利交易的成本在上升
近月遠月的價差是在反應套利交易的成本
以我打這篇文章的時間點來看,近月3元上下,遠月15元上下,價差接近12美元
這12美元反映的就是用油罐車把油載到海上油輪的運輸成本,再加上油輪的租金
比起原本套利只是在庫欣的不同儲油槽之間送來送去,這個成本可是高多了
2.
以實物交割的CL來說,賣方是很難違約交割的。
因為現在庫欣到處都是油,要用現貨價買到油交割太容易了。
但是買方就不同了,庫欣附近儲油槽已經逼近全滿
也就是說你不可能找到油商讓你付租金存放了,就算有大概也是天價。
那就變成你得自己開油罐車來載,而空的油罐車很有可能租不到
也就是你若不是石油行業而是單純的投機交易者,放到結算=違約交割
違約交割的後果是很慘的…
空方和多方的風險不對等,導致買賣力量失衡,沒人敢在情況不明下接手多單。
3.
前兩點講的是CL的價格,而QM的結算依賴CL的收盤價,又使得情況更惡化
當CL的結算價還不確定,QM在盤中明顯出現恐慌性人踩人時
QM多頭唯一合理的選擇,就是直接從QM轉倉到CL,凹看看CL結算時市場會不會冷靜點
這又極大程度加大了QM的賣壓 (QM-CL的價差因為油商的套利交易所以會貼著走)
這就是昨晚的情況了,QM有超大量的賣壓但沒人敢接刀
因為QM純粹就是個現金賭場,馬上就要結算了
QM結算在-37、近遠月50美金的價差,主要是由於投機交易行為造成的
而不是像有些說明文所述,石油真的便宜到倒貼-37元還沒人願意用
今天CL的結算價格才是比較能以經濟學邏輯解釋的
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