如何判斷equality 和efficiency

各位好，（魯妹不才在國外讀書，不是故意文章要夾雜英文） 教授教了equality, efficiency (不要問我他幹嘛不教equity…) 雖說名詞解釋了但我還是不太懂要怎麼分辨， 因為我在非英文系國家讀書但學校英文授課，我們母語都非英語，所以有時我也懷疑我是否誤會教授意思（他的敘述） 因此上來請教各位前輩…. 教授定義： 1. Efficiency: the society gets the maximum benefits from its scarce resources, 我自己找到定義：the optimal production and allocation of resources given existing factors of production. 2. equality: the benefits are distributed uniformly among the member of the society. 問題：explain whether each of the following government activities is motivated by a concern about equality or a concern about efficiency. In the case of efficiency, discuss the type of market failure 1.regulating water fee 我覺得兩者皆有，equality是因為使用者付費；efficiency因為礙於水費，大家會節制用水限度，所以沒被用到的水可以分給更多人使用 2.providing some poor people with vouchers that can be used to by food 只有equality,所以窮人可以如其他人一樣得到食物 3.prohibiting smoking in public places 兩者皆有，吸煙造成許多無形社會成本（健保支出），課稅增進equality不然沒抽的人要幫負擔健保費用不公平；而政府因為課稅增加稅收可再分配資源（efficiency) 4.breaking up the telephone monopoly into several smaller companies 只有equality，所以民眾有選擇其他家的自由、有選擇權 5.imposing higher personal income tax rates on people with higher incomes 兩者皆有，理由類似問題3 6.instituting laws against driving while intoxicated 兩者皆有，酒駕導致家破人亡，政府制定法律降低酒駕；民眾得以安心駕駛享受到用路公平 我承認我實在搞不懂有些題目跟efficiency, equality到底哪裡沾上邊？！再來是回答這些題目時是否要站在政府&百姓角度思考會有不同答案？請高手指證我的回答，我知道我的答案有錯，但我當局者迷啊…謝謝！ –