聊聊關於特斯拉的秘密...... - 股票
By Erin
at 2020-07-23T22:12
at 2020-07-23T22:12
Table of Contents
電動馬達和內燃機引擎都是古老的科技,但過去一百多年,人類選擇了內燃機搭配汽油作
為主要的陸上運輸模式,一百多年的發展下來,引擎因此成為相當精密的產業,工業成熟
度很高,但內燃機現在面臨Clayton Christensen說的「破壞性創新」,將被一個相對比
較低等的科技,給徹底的破壞。
破壞性創新的特點是「低一點」的科技,因為生產成本的下降,而得以吃掉比較高科技的
產品市場。內燃機加上油箱,就是汽油車的動力系統,而馬達加上電池,則是電動車的動
力系統。內燃機引擎因為經過一個世紀以來的開發,已經沒有低成本的生產方式,而油箱
基本上不佔任何生產成本,所以也沒有什麼成本下降的空間。但馬達加上電池,卻有很大
的空間。馬達也許像引擎一樣古老,但大電量的電池,卻是「新科技」,一個不斷地還在
更新進程的新科技。隨著電動車的需求增加,投入電池開發、生產的新創事業,不計其數
,因為有利可圖,進而趨動更多人投入開發。
特斯拉的電池很貴,一開始的Roadster,因為技術不成熟,所以有提供客戶換電池的服務
,要價一萬二千美金。現在的特斯拉,電池保固八年,所以幾乎都還沒有客人需要換電池
。馬斯克說,再過幾年,電池模組大概可以賣5千到7千美金。這才約十年的工夫,價格就
砍下這麼多,而且這個比較便宜的電池,壽命還比較長,充電比較快,安全性也比較高,
而且容量還更大。而且電池的開發,不純只為電動車。除了電子產品需要鋰電池外,一旦
鋰電池成本再降下來,家家戶戶都會裝上一顆大電池,離峰時充電,尖峰時放電,搭配綠
色能源生產,電池會徹底改變家戶使用電力的方式。而更成熟的電池科技,又會回頭過來
,降低電動車的成本。這個正向回饋的機制,不但內燃機產業沒有,連燃料電池也沒有。
有人用的東西,才會有誘因開發更便宜的產品。
這個資本主義的精神,厲害到連天然資源的稀缺,都可以想辦法克服。原先鋰電池的量產
,有一個大關卡是稀土金屬「鈷」的使用,電池裡,鈷的價值比鋰還高,但鈷的產量很少
。馬斯克在今年有一場重頭秀,叫做「電池日Battery Day」,很多專家都預期,特斯拉
將會發佈和中國廠家「寧德時代」的共同研發成果,不用鈷的電池。特斯拉真的達到不用
,甚至只是少用,鈷元素,那電池成本的下降速度就更快,會更快拉平和內燃機車的成本
差距。
彭博的一個報告估算,現在電動車的製造成本,大約有近四成是在電池身上,五年內,就
會降到三成以內,到時電動車和內燃機的成本就會拉平。
而電池以外的差別,還有很多。舉例來說,電池馬達和引擎以外的傳動系統(drivetrain)
,原理也不盡相同。據估算,馬達大概只需20個部件,而內燃機要200個。而這十倍的用
料差別,影響很多層面,因為差別不只在數目而已。內燃機就是進行不斷爆炸式的燃燒汽
油,進油、進氣、點火、爆炸、排氣的循環不斷地進行,過程複雜且傷害零件,所以要潤
滑、要過濾氣體,廢氣還要觸媒轉換,每一個零件,都有故障的可能。
2015年有一個調查,全美汽車維修的前十五項熱門,全部是濾網、火星塞、進氣、排氣系
統的控制和感應器,只有一項是電動車可能有的,就是油箱蓋/充電插座蓋的替換,便宜
地不得了的工序。為什麼特斯拉不用廣設維修點?因為電動車不用換機油、不用換進氣濾
網,馬達也幾乎也不會壞。車子系統的基本差別,回頭過來,還會影響銷售方式。豐田需
要銷售代理賣車,也需要這些代理維修車輛。而事實上,對很多代理來說,維修才是真正
賺錢的部門。但特斯拉的車,很少需要進廠,所以也可以跳過這個中間人,只要開一個直
營廠,就可以應付好幾個州的維修需求。
但20個部件和200個部件的差別,還不只於此。豐田的200個部件,也許就代表了200家上
游,這200家上游做的生意,都是和內燃機有關的生意,也許有少許部件,是可以用在電
動車,但大部份是不行的。也就是說,這200個上游,沒有任何的誘因,幫豐田快速轉進
到電動車。豐田越快切換,他們就越早丟了生意。所以九百萬輛的商機,背後就是代表百
萬、千萬人的生機,在豐田內外,都充滿了抵制開發電動車的既得利益。如果不是特斯拉
的威脅迫在眉睫,這些既得利益,到死都不想開發電動車。
豐田及傳統汽車大廠卡死在內燃機,造成成本居高不下,還有一個設計思維上的巨大不同
。
比較高級一點的車,會讓你客製一些配備,比如說比較先進的安全系統,但傳統車廠是你
選定了,再加減就不容易,真要加裝,就要進廠大動手腳。但如果你訂特斯拉,有些功能
是要加錢,但你日後要加也可以,付錢後就可以啟動。功能一直在那裡,只是特斯拉隱藏
起來而已。
這道理在特斯拉和蘋果比較像,和豐田比較不像。特斯拉和蘋果其實都是電腦公司,只是
他們生產的電腦,一個當手機用,一個當車子用。如果車子的設計,是繞著電腦轉,所有
的功能,都連在這電腦,日後的軟體更新,不用連硬體一起動,就可以技術升級。蘋果手
機可以一代又一代的更新作業系統而變得更強大,特斯拉也可以。對特斯拉來說,要多一
個功能,就是把硬體連到車子的大腦,就可以由軟體來中央控制。但對繞著引擎運轉的豐
田來說,多一個功能,簡單如多一個照相機,那就是要再多一個電腦,多一個介面連結,
工程浩大而困難,而這個多出來的電腦晶片,很可能和其它系統,尤其是動力系統,完全
沒有關係。
把硬體裝上電腦,要比把軟體裝上硬體困難多了。
日經曾把一台特斯拉拆開給豐田的工程師看。工程師看了,搖搖頭,在科技上,豐田至少
落後特斯拉六年。特斯拉的系統,環繞著兩個大電腦晶片組,控制著所有的系統,動力、
環境偵測、空調、驅動、娛樂系統等等,通通由這兩個大腦控制。而這兩個大腦,上面只
有印著特斯拉的名字,不像豐田,通通是上游供應商的名字。也就是說,特斯拉開發並完
全掌握這兩個大腦,從晶片設計到程式編寫,全都是自家搞的。也許晶片是讓台積電做的
,但設計是特斯拉內部做的。
以電腦為核心的生產,還有一個內燃機沒有的效果,摩爾定律,即電晶體數目每兩年倍增
的了不起矽谷定律。摩爾定律也許沒有之前那麼神了,但晶片越來越強大且便宜的趨勢還
是在。特斯拉花最多的錢在電池和電腦上,而這兩個品項,又最受科技發展影響,成本隨
年下降。請問豐田要怎麼競爭?
美日德各三大傳統車廠,會被洗牌洗掉一半以上,因為他們都受制於舊的生產方式,都擺
脫不了內燃機的過往成功。以前矽谷專家喜歡說,這是一場戰爭,看是特斯拉先學會造車
,還是傳統車廠先搞懂電動車。現在這場比賽結果已經出爐,特斯拉取得了勝利。不過我
認為傳統車廠裡,還是會有幾家存活,豐田其實是機會最大的大廠之一,寶馬和賓士也許
是另外的倖存者,但未來太複雜,沒有人知道。
所以回到股價的問題上。取得生產科技勝利的特斯拉,年銷九百萬輛不會只是夢。但如果
年銷可達九百萬輛,可以有現在這個每股一千五百元的價值嗎?距離這個系列文章的開始
,才幾天而已,特斯拉股票又漲了一成。這個股票,已經不是九百萬輛與否的問題,而是
史上最大的多空交戰。有二百億美金的資金正在放空特斯拉,也同時有多頭推升特斯拉市
值超過二千五百億,說實話,沒有人在談基本面了。
我是認為,長期來說,特斯拉成為一兆美金的公司,只是時間早晚,也就是說,一股五千
美金,也不是問題。但現在買特斯拉,你能安安穩穩地抱到那一天嗎?你能在股價跌回兩
百元一股,也不怕嗎?"
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