美國是如何把日本導入經濟泡沫的? - 股票

By Selena
at 2018-06-17T20:37
at 2018-06-17T20:37
Table of Contents
※ 引述《howard172 (瓠小雄)》之銘言:
: 1.來源:
: https://read01.com/D8oRJa.html
: 2.內容:
: 貿易摩擦、產業控制與高科技爭奪,國家利益和世界霸權是美國政策的核心
: 日本與美國是二戰期間的敵人,戰後的政治軍事外交盟友。美國先占領日本,又扶植日本
: ,是出於韓戰和冷戰的需要,以後則是圍堵中國的需要。
: 美國一直以新自由主義改造日本。戰後日本陷入惡性通貨膨脹,杜魯門總統派特使,銀行
: 家道奇去推行「休克療法」,說日本是「高蹺經濟」,要砍掉美國援助和財政補貼這兩條
: 腿,造成經濟衰退和嚴重失業,依靠韓戰才解脫出來。以後日本經濟高速增長18年,離不
: 開美國的扶植,美國替日本承擔了軍費,把力量集中於發展軍事工業,向日本廉價轉讓民
: 用技術;對日本實行5%的優惠關稅,而默認日本單方面對美國徵收15%的關稅,保持對美
: 大幅度貿易順差。日本則在政治軍事外交技術市場方面全面依賴美國,成為美國在亞洲的
: 冷戰基地。
: 日本的半導體和汽車,在上世紀60年代以後成為美國強勁競爭對手,美國採取一系列措施
: 整治日本。早期逼迫日本「自願限制出口」,從1956年的紡織品,到後來的鋼鐵、汽車、
: 計算機,層出不窮。1977年美國半導體協會指責日本違背市場規則,濫用傾銷方式。美國
: 政府幫助企業,採取多種方式包括政府間協議限制日本,培植中國台灣、韓國作為競爭對
: 手,至1993年終於取代日本再度成為最大的晶片出口國。日元資本外流出現了產業空心化
: ,日本政府沒有魄力和能力推動產業升級,至21世紀日本在高科技產業上已完全輸給了美
: 國。
: 出口導向、貨幣升值、金融自由、宏觀失控是催生泡沫經濟的四大因素
: 1946年為扶植日本,美元對於日元大大高估,出口導向惡化了國內的二元經濟關係。隨著
: 日本經濟的恢復,日元從1美元兌換360日元升值到了250日元。日元在1965年就宣布可自
: 由兌換,但金融體系沒有放開,國家控制相當嚴密,國際資本無法自由進出。美國壓迫日
: 本先開放金融市場,再把日元升值,一直持續了14年,日本節節抵抗,節節敗退,最後全
: 盤放開,頃刻瓦解。
: 20世紀80年代美國發明了一種理論:日元低估是萬惡之源,日本政府操縱匯率,背離市場
: ,導致美國雙赤字。美國聯合西方各國聯手,在1985年達成「華盛頓共識」,聯手壓迫日
: 元升值,一宣布就造成嚴重升值預期,投機資本進入日本,1985年底就促使日元迅速升值
: 到1:200,最高升值到1:80;1998年亞洲金融危機時期日元曾貶值到1:150,後來就在9
: 0—130範圍內波動。
: 僅僅是貨幣升值,並不會產生嚴重的泡沫經濟。
: 「華盛頓共識」不限於宣布日元升值,而是一個一攬子新自由主義改革計劃:開放國內市
: 場;充分發揮私人行業的生命力;實施彈性的金融政策,使之充分考慮到日元的匯率;更
: 有力地推動金融體系和日元的自由化,使日元反映日本經濟的實力;允許地方政府進行追
: 加投資;刺激國內需求,擴大消費信用和住房按揭等。
: 在貨幣升值期間推行金融自由化,加速泡沫經濟形成。日本傳統金融體制是主銀行體制,
: 銀行與企業相互持股,以銀行為中心形成企業集團,政府規定存貸款利率差,保護銀行和
: 居民的利益。資本市場極不發達,銀行隸屬於財政部,主要目標不是利潤,而是政府經濟
: 目標和財團整體利益。
: 這種銀行體系被指責為「封建體系」,逼迫日本實施金融體系和外匯市場自由化:擴大資
: 本市場,放開利率。允許銀行業以利潤為中心,從事創新業務,發展房地產按揭和資產證
: 券化,銀行參與債券發行,交易外國金融期貨,進入養老信託,向企業出售證券化貸款,
: 將銀行完全推向市場和國際化,改造成「現代銀行」,廢除政府對銀行的保護。
: 金融自由化在相當程度上激化了金融固有的脆弱性。利率上限取消以及降低進入壁壘,引
: 起銀行特許權價值降低,銀行部門的風險管理行為扭曲;金融業由分業經營走向混業經營
: ;商業銀行和投資銀行日益融合,銀行過度介入證券市場。日本在1960一1980年企業借入
: 資金為30%,80年代後下降到10%,進入90年代下降到5%。銀行收益減少,從事高風險高收
: 益投資,加大了金融系統存在的道德風險。
: 起銀行特許權價值降低,銀行部門的風險管理行為扭曲;金融業由分業經營走向混業經營
: ;商業銀行和投資銀行日益融合,銀行過度介入證券市場。日本在1960一1980年企業借入
: 資金為30%,80年代後下降到10%,進入90年代下降到5%。銀行收益減少,從事高風險高收
: 益投資,加大了金融系統存在的道德風險。
: 3.心得:
: 很像,真的很像。印象很深刻,僅是日本換成中國,手法如出一轍,現在在強迫國際化的
: 進程,更一絕的是,總統川普嘲諷一流,加速了泡沫進程,偉哉美帝。
: -----
: Sent from JPTT on my Sony D6653.
其實很難說,當時日本產業高度依賴美國,但美國並沒有高度依賴日本
加上日本的汽車產業發展起來後對美國汽車產生嚴重威脅,才促使美國對日本下手。
而今中美雙方互相高度依賴,中國有日本沒有的龐大內需市場,但還沒有日本那麼高級的工業水準,美國要打中國也是投鼠忌器,相互依存理論下要死一定兩個一起死
所以中國會不會成為以前的日本,不能這樣就斷定。
-----
Sent from JPTT on my Sony F5122.
--
: 1.來源:
: https://read01.com/D8oRJa.html
: 2.內容:
: 貿易摩擦、產業控制與高科技爭奪,國家利益和世界霸權是美國政策的核心
: 日本與美國是二戰期間的敵人,戰後的政治軍事外交盟友。美國先占領日本,又扶植日本
: ,是出於韓戰和冷戰的需要,以後則是圍堵中國的需要。
: 美國一直以新自由主義改造日本。戰後日本陷入惡性通貨膨脹,杜魯門總統派特使,銀行
: 家道奇去推行「休克療法」,說日本是「高蹺經濟」,要砍掉美國援助和財政補貼這兩條
: 腿,造成經濟衰退和嚴重失業,依靠韓戰才解脫出來。以後日本經濟高速增長18年,離不
: 開美國的扶植,美國替日本承擔了軍費,把力量集中於發展軍事工業,向日本廉價轉讓民
: 用技術;對日本實行5%的優惠關稅,而默認日本單方面對美國徵收15%的關稅,保持對美
: 大幅度貿易順差。日本則在政治軍事外交技術市場方面全面依賴美國,成為美國在亞洲的
: 冷戰基地。
: 日本的半導體和汽車,在上世紀60年代以後成為美國強勁競爭對手,美國採取一系列措施
: 整治日本。早期逼迫日本「自願限制出口」,從1956年的紡織品,到後來的鋼鐵、汽車、
: 計算機,層出不窮。1977年美國半導體協會指責日本違背市場規則,濫用傾銷方式。美國
: 政府幫助企業,採取多種方式包括政府間協議限制日本,培植中國台灣、韓國作為競爭對
: 手,至1993年終於取代日本再度成為最大的晶片出口國。日元資本外流出現了產業空心化
: ,日本政府沒有魄力和能力推動產業升級,至21世紀日本在高科技產業上已完全輸給了美
: 國。
: 出口導向、貨幣升值、金融自由、宏觀失控是催生泡沫經濟的四大因素
: 1946年為扶植日本,美元對於日元大大高估,出口導向惡化了國內的二元經濟關係。隨著
: 日本經濟的恢復,日元從1美元兌換360日元升值到了250日元。日元在1965年就宣布可自
: 由兌換,但金融體系沒有放開,國家控制相當嚴密,國際資本無法自由進出。美國壓迫日
: 本先開放金融市場,再把日元升值,一直持續了14年,日本節節抵抗,節節敗退,最後全
: 盤放開,頃刻瓦解。
: 20世紀80年代美國發明了一種理論:日元低估是萬惡之源,日本政府操縱匯率,背離市場
: ,導致美國雙赤字。美國聯合西方各國聯手,在1985年達成「華盛頓共識」,聯手壓迫日
: 元升值,一宣布就造成嚴重升值預期,投機資本進入日本,1985年底就促使日元迅速升值
: 到1:200,最高升值到1:80;1998年亞洲金融危機時期日元曾貶值到1:150,後來就在9
: 0—130範圍內波動。
: 僅僅是貨幣升值,並不會產生嚴重的泡沫經濟。
: 「華盛頓共識」不限於宣布日元升值,而是一個一攬子新自由主義改革計劃:開放國內市
: 場;充分發揮私人行業的生命力;實施彈性的金融政策,使之充分考慮到日元的匯率;更
: 有力地推動金融體系和日元的自由化,使日元反映日本經濟的實力;允許地方政府進行追
: 加投資;刺激國內需求,擴大消費信用和住房按揭等。
: 在貨幣升值期間推行金融自由化,加速泡沫經濟形成。日本傳統金融體制是主銀行體制,
: 銀行與企業相互持股,以銀行為中心形成企業集團,政府規定存貸款利率差,保護銀行和
: 居民的利益。資本市場極不發達,銀行隸屬於財政部,主要目標不是利潤,而是政府經濟
: 目標和財團整體利益。
: 這種銀行體系被指責為「封建體系」,逼迫日本實施金融體系和外匯市場自由化:擴大資
: 本市場,放開利率。允許銀行業以利潤為中心,從事創新業務,發展房地產按揭和資產證
: 券化,銀行參與債券發行,交易外國金融期貨,進入養老信託,向企業出售證券化貸款,
: 將銀行完全推向市場和國際化,改造成「現代銀行」,廢除政府對銀行的保護。
: 金融自由化在相當程度上激化了金融固有的脆弱性。利率上限取消以及降低進入壁壘,引
: 起銀行特許權價值降低,銀行部門的風險管理行為扭曲;金融業由分業經營走向混業經營
: ;商業銀行和投資銀行日益融合,銀行過度介入證券市場。日本在1960一1980年企業借入
: 資金為30%,80年代後下降到10%,進入90年代下降到5%。銀行收益減少,從事高風險高收
: 益投資,加大了金融系統存在的道德風險。
: 起銀行特許權價值降低,銀行部門的風險管理行為扭曲;金融業由分業經營走向混業經營
: ;商業銀行和投資銀行日益融合,銀行過度介入證券市場。日本在1960一1980年企業借入
: 資金為30%,80年代後下降到10%,進入90年代下降到5%。銀行收益減少,從事高風險高收
: 益投資,加大了金融系統存在的道德風險。
: 3.心得:
: 很像,真的很像。印象很深刻,僅是日本換成中國,手法如出一轍,現在在強迫國際化的
: 進程,更一絕的是,總統川普嘲諷一流,加速了泡沫進程,偉哉美帝。
: -----
: Sent from JPTT on my Sony D6653.
其實很難說,當時日本產業高度依賴美國,但美國並沒有高度依賴日本
加上日本的汽車產業發展起來後對美國汽車產生嚴重威脅,才促使美國對日本下手。
而今中美雙方互相高度依賴,中國有日本沒有的龐大內需市場,但還沒有日本那麼高級的工業水準,美國要打中國也是投鼠忌器,相互依存理論下要死一定兩個一起死
所以中國會不會成為以前的日本,不能這樣就斷定。
-----
Sent from JPTT on my Sony F5122.
--
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股票
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at 2018-11-28T12:05

By Skylar Davis
at 2018-11-29T21:44
at 2018-11-29T21:44

By Michael
at 2018-12-04T00:10
at 2018-12-04T00:10

By Brianna
at 2018-12-07T19:12
at 2018-12-07T19:12

By Elvira
at 2018-12-08T10:17
at 2018-12-08T10:17

By Rachel
at 2018-12-08T14:05
at 2018-12-08T14:05

By Elvira
at 2018-12-11T06:54
at 2018-12-11T06:54

By Irma
at 2018-12-14T21:13
at 2018-12-14T21:13

By Brianna
at 2018-12-17T21:02
at 2018-12-17T21:02

By Yuri
at 2018-12-21T07:37
at 2018-12-21T07:37

By Skylar DavisLinda
at 2018-12-23T17:53
at 2018-12-23T17:53

By David
at 2018-12-24T06:15
at 2018-12-24T06:15

By Michael
at 2018-12-24T10:56
at 2018-12-24T10:56

By Todd Johnson
at 2018-12-27T07:22
at 2018-12-27T07:22

By Ethan
at 2018-12-28T03:29
at 2018-12-28T03:29

By Hedy
at 2018-12-29T17:05
at 2018-12-29T17:05

By Callum
at 2019-01-01T05:24
at 2019-01-01T05:24

By Rebecca
at 2019-01-04T09:01
at 2019-01-04T09:01

By Adele
at 2019-01-04T22:47
at 2019-01-04T22:47

By Agnes
at 2019-01-05T12:05
at 2019-01-05T12:05

By Connor
at 2019-01-08T03:34
at 2019-01-08T03:34

By Hedwig
at 2019-01-08T17:25
at 2019-01-08T17:25

By Freda
at 2019-01-09T08:53
at 2019-01-09T08:53

By Hedy
at 2019-01-12T09:29
at 2019-01-12T09:29

By Edith
at 2019-01-16T11:34
at 2019-01-16T11:34

By Lucy
at 2019-01-17T06:54
at 2019-01-17T06:54

By Daniel
at 2019-01-18T21:45
at 2019-01-18T21:45

By Rachel
at 2019-01-20T04:59
at 2019-01-20T04:59

By Kama
at 2019-01-23T20:13
at 2019-01-23T20:13

By Zora
at 2019-01-26T12:22
at 2019-01-26T12:22

By Tracy
at 2019-01-26T14:33
at 2019-01-26T14:33

By Skylar DavisLinda
at 2019-01-28T15:30
at 2019-01-28T15:30

By Edwina
at 2019-01-30T12:09
at 2019-01-30T12:09

By Dinah
at 2019-01-31T12:28
at 2019-01-31T12:28

By Frederica
at 2019-02-03T18:16
at 2019-02-03T18:16

By Oscar
at 2019-02-08T10:39
at 2019-02-08T10:39

By Anonymous
at 2019-02-11T10:24
at 2019-02-11T10:24

By Blanche
at 2019-02-16T09:47
at 2019-02-16T09:47

By Elma
at 2019-02-16T18:16
at 2019-02-16T18:16

By Lydia
at 2019-02-21T18:02
at 2019-02-21T18:02

By Vanessa
at 2019-02-24T17:02
at 2019-02-24T17:02

By Andrew
at 2019-02-27T05:56
at 2019-02-27T05:56

By Suhail Hany
at 2019-02-28T02:41
at 2019-02-28T02:41

By Ophelia
at 2019-03-04T02:24
at 2019-03-04T02:24

By Brianna
at 2019-03-06T07:19
at 2019-03-06T07:19

By Xanthe
at 2019-03-09T22:00
at 2019-03-09T22:00

By Agatha
at 2019-03-12T12:34
at 2019-03-12T12:34

By Madame
at 2019-03-14T01:10
at 2019-03-14T01:10

By Ivy
at 2019-03-18T11:09
at 2019-03-18T11:09

By Ina
at 2019-03-18T22:27
at 2019-03-18T22:27

By Ula
at 2019-03-21T23:05
at 2019-03-21T23:05

By Daph Bay
at 2019-03-26T13:22
at 2019-03-26T13:22

By Regina
at 2019-03-29T00:35
at 2019-03-29T00:35

By Victoria
at 2019-04-01T20:35
at 2019-04-01T20:35

By Kama
at 2019-04-04T04:20
at 2019-04-04T04:20

By Anthony
at 2019-04-05T10:30
at 2019-04-05T10:30

By Adele
at 2019-04-07T03:16
at 2019-04-07T03:16

By Anonymous
at 2019-04-07T11:25
at 2019-04-07T11:25

By Tom
at 2019-04-10T08:29
at 2019-04-10T08:29

By Una
at 2019-04-14T20:01
at 2019-04-14T20:01

By Quanna
at 2019-04-15T02:36
at 2019-04-15T02:36

By Oliver
at 2019-04-17T10:06
at 2019-04-17T10:06

By Valerie
at 2019-04-20T00:59
at 2019-04-20T00:59

By Kyle
at 2019-04-23T05:32
at 2019-04-23T05:32

By Heather
at 2019-04-25T15:10
at 2019-04-25T15:10

By Caitlin
at 2019-04-29T09:37
at 2019-04-29T09:37

By Tom
at 2019-05-03T19:10
at 2019-05-03T19:10

By Elizabeth
at 2019-05-05T20:52
at 2019-05-05T20:52

By Jacky
at 2019-05-06T08:42
at 2019-05-06T08:42

By Megan
at 2019-05-06T11:37
at 2019-05-06T11:37

By David
at 2019-05-08T01:24
at 2019-05-08T01:24

By Caitlin
at 2019-05-08T22:57
at 2019-05-08T22:57

By Leila
at 2019-05-12T02:06
at 2019-05-12T02:06

By Ingrid
at 2019-05-16T22:59
at 2019-05-16T22:59

By Christine
at 2019-05-19T05:13
at 2019-05-19T05:13

By Gary
at 2019-05-23T10:37
at 2019-05-23T10:37

By Rae
at 2019-05-28T09:48
at 2019-05-28T09:48

By Quanna
at 2019-05-30T12:22
at 2019-05-30T12:22

By Jack
at 2019-06-03T16:37
at 2019-06-03T16:37

By Emma
at 2019-06-05T23:08
at 2019-06-05T23:08

By Emma
at 2019-06-08T12:09
at 2019-06-08T12:09

By Jessica
at 2019-06-09T06:41
at 2019-06-09T06:41

By Jessica
at 2019-06-12T03:31
at 2019-06-12T03:31

By Isla
at 2019-06-13T19:32
at 2019-06-13T19:32

By Vanessa
at 2019-06-16T15:08
at 2019-06-16T15:08

By Kelly
at 2019-06-16T21:06
at 2019-06-16T21:06

By Thomas
at 2019-06-19T18:22
at 2019-06-19T18:22

By Dorothy
at 2019-06-24T10:07
at 2019-06-24T10:07

By Necoo
at 2019-06-25T00:04
at 2019-06-25T00:04

By Olga
at 2019-06-27T18:49
at 2019-06-27T18:49

By George
at 2019-07-01T17:43
at 2019-07-01T17:43

By Jessica
at 2019-07-03T12:43
at 2019-07-03T12:43

By Mary
at 2019-07-04T09:01
at 2019-07-04T09:01

By Kelly
at 2019-07-06T20:01
at 2019-07-06T20:01

By Ivy
at 2019-07-09T04:38
at 2019-07-09T04:38

By Ivy
at 2019-07-09T12:22
at 2019-07-09T12:22

By Belly
at 2019-07-13T02:49
at 2019-07-13T02:49

By David
at 2019-07-17T20:18
at 2019-07-17T20:18

By Suhail Hany
at 2019-07-22T16:47
at 2019-07-22T16:47

By Daniel
at 2019-07-24T02:32
at 2019-07-24T02:32

By Carolina Franco
at 2019-07-27T23:08
at 2019-07-27T23:08

By Emily
at 2019-08-01T13:26
at 2019-08-01T13:26

By Ula
at 2019-08-04T06:52
at 2019-08-04T06:52

By Kama
at 2019-08-07T17:14
at 2019-08-07T17:14

By William
at 2019-08-10T05:47
at 2019-08-10T05:47

By Cara
at 2019-08-13T09:23
at 2019-08-13T09:23

By Ida
at 2019-08-17T17:51
at 2019-08-17T17:51

By Anthony
at 2019-08-19T04:13
at 2019-08-19T04:13

By Noah
at 2019-08-24T01:01
at 2019-08-24T01:01

By Catherine
at 2019-08-27T12:56
at 2019-08-27T12:56

By Catherine
at 2019-08-30T11:13
at 2019-08-30T11:13

By Annie
at 2019-09-02T18:11
at 2019-09-02T18:11

By Ula
at 2019-09-05T11:00
at 2019-09-05T11:00

By Catherine
at 2019-09-07T15:03
at 2019-09-07T15:03

By Emma
at 2019-09-09T18:52
at 2019-09-09T18:52

By George
at 2019-09-11T18:22
at 2019-09-11T18:22

By Hardy
at 2019-09-16T16:06
at 2019-09-16T16:06

By Queena
at 2019-09-18T11:33
at 2019-09-18T11:33

By Edward Lewis
at 2019-09-22T15:24
at 2019-09-22T15:24

By Delia
at 2019-09-23T16:28
at 2019-09-23T16:28

By Gilbert
at 2019-09-28T01:53
at 2019-09-28T01:53

By Xanthe
at 2019-10-02T18:56
at 2019-10-02T18:56

By Rebecca
at 2019-10-03T18:45
at 2019-10-03T18:45

By Rosalind
at 2019-10-07T13:41
at 2019-10-07T13:41

By Eartha
at 2019-10-08T19:18
at 2019-10-08T19:18

By Leila
at 2019-10-13T10:58
at 2019-10-13T10:58

By Poppy
at 2019-10-16T15:27
at 2019-10-16T15:27

By Leila
at 2019-10-17T23:22
at 2019-10-17T23:22

By Agnes
at 2019-10-22T22:49
at 2019-10-22T22:49

By Ursula
at 2019-10-26T02:44
at 2019-10-26T02:44

By Tristan Cohan
at 2019-10-27T10:14
at 2019-10-27T10:14

By Skylar Davis
at 2019-10-29T10:02
at 2019-10-29T10:02

By Dora
at 2019-11-02T08:39
at 2019-11-02T08:39

By Ingrid
at 2019-11-05T06:55
at 2019-11-05T06:55

By James
at 2019-11-07T06:31
at 2019-11-07T06:31

By Kelly
at 2019-11-09T16:39
at 2019-11-09T16:39

By Carol
at 2019-11-12T07:50
at 2019-11-12T07:50

By Quintina
at 2019-11-14T03:17
at 2019-11-14T03:17

By Carol
at 2019-11-17T16:47
at 2019-11-17T16:47

By Quintina
at 2019-11-18T09:14
at 2019-11-18T09:14

By Olive
at 2019-11-21T17:10
at 2019-11-21T17:10

By Joseph
at 2019-11-26T16:28
at 2019-11-26T16:28

By Lauren
at 2019-11-27T22:18
at 2019-11-27T22:18

By Candice
at 2019-11-30T16:09
at 2019-11-30T16:09

By Tristan Cohan
at 2019-12-04T05:15
at 2019-12-04T05:15

By Agatha
at 2019-12-04T19:18
at 2019-12-04T19:18

By Ivy
at 2019-12-07T04:39
at 2019-12-07T04:39

By Kristin
at 2019-12-10T14:57
at 2019-12-10T14:57

By Jake
at 2019-12-14T03:59
at 2019-12-14T03:59

By Olive
at 2019-12-14T09:08
at 2019-12-14T09:08

By Daniel
at 2019-12-16T21:45
at 2019-12-16T21:45

By Selena
at 2019-12-20T13:23
at 2019-12-20T13:23

By Irma
at 2019-12-23T18:23
at 2019-12-23T18:23

By Irma
at 2019-12-24T03:49
at 2019-12-24T03:49

By Victoria
at 2019-12-28T01:39
at 2019-12-28T01:39

By William
at 2019-12-30T10:07
at 2019-12-30T10:07

By Anonymous
at 2019-12-31T00:08
at 2019-12-31T00:08

By Rebecca
at 2020-01-04T04:16
at 2020-01-04T04:16

By Michael
at 2020-01-07T22:11
at 2020-01-07T22:11

By Quintina
at 2020-01-12T08:19
at 2020-01-12T08:19

By Faithe
at 2020-01-16T23:50
at 2020-01-16T23:50

By William
at 2020-01-17T23:44
at 2020-01-17T23:44

By Caitlin
at 2020-01-21T12:23
at 2020-01-21T12:23

By Yuri
at 2020-01-24T02:50
at 2020-01-24T02:50

By Tracy
at 2020-01-25T13:45
at 2020-01-25T13:45

By Joe
at 2020-01-26T07:13
at 2020-01-26T07:13

By Ula
at 2020-01-30T11:16
at 2020-01-30T11:16

By Charlotte
at 2020-01-31T07:17
at 2020-01-31T07:17

By Hedy
at 2020-01-31T14:12
at 2020-01-31T14:12

By Todd Johnson
at 2020-02-01T11:12
at 2020-02-01T11:12

By Elizabeth
at 2020-02-04T21:55
at 2020-02-04T21:55

By Adele
at 2020-02-09T21:52
at 2020-02-09T21:52

By Skylar DavisLinda
at 2020-02-11T02:25
at 2020-02-11T02:25

By Kyle
at 2020-02-12T22:27
at 2020-02-12T22:27

By Ingrid
at 2020-02-17T13:47
at 2020-02-17T13:47

By Jack
at 2020-02-17T16:07
at 2020-02-17T16:07

By Hamiltion
at 2020-02-20T18:52
at 2020-02-20T18:52

By Puput
at 2020-02-24T18:20
at 2020-02-24T18:20

By Jacky
at 2020-02-24T19:32
at 2020-02-24T19:32

By Sierra Rose
at 2020-02-28T10:14
at 2020-02-28T10:14

By Skylar Davis
at 2020-03-02T00:45
at 2020-03-02T00:45

By Sierra Rose
at 2020-03-05T08:38
at 2020-03-05T08:38

By Daniel
at 2020-03-09T08:14
at 2020-03-09T08:14

By Lauren
at 2020-03-10T02:13
at 2020-03-10T02:13

By Erin
at 2020-03-11T12:09
at 2020-03-11T12:09

By Quanna
at 2020-03-14T13:29
at 2020-03-14T13:29

By Liam
at 2020-03-16T08:57
at 2020-03-16T08:57

By Robert
at 2020-03-19T19:20
at 2020-03-19T19:20

By Mia
at 2020-03-19T21:47
at 2020-03-19T21:47

By Ethan
at 2020-03-20T15:34
at 2020-03-20T15:34

By Connor
at 2020-03-21T21:54
at 2020-03-21T21:54

By Mia
at 2020-03-23T03:05
at 2020-03-23T03:05

By Quanna
at 2020-03-24T01:24
at 2020-03-24T01:24

By Sandy
at 2020-03-25T13:44
at 2020-03-25T13:44

By Robert
at 2020-03-29T19:15
at 2020-03-29T19:15

By Freda
at 2020-03-30T03:26
at 2020-03-30T03:26

By Frederic
at 2020-04-02T22:05
at 2020-04-02T22:05

By Cara
at 2020-04-05T08:04
at 2020-04-05T08:04

By Jake
at 2020-04-09T12:27
at 2020-04-09T12:27

By Genevieve
at 2020-04-13T21:19
at 2020-04-13T21:19

By Irma
at 2020-04-17T23:14
at 2020-04-17T23:14

By Damian
at 2020-04-22T02:47
at 2020-04-22T02:47

By Anonymous
at 2020-04-26T14:26
at 2020-04-26T14:26

By Elma
at 2020-04-27T02:15
at 2020-04-27T02:15

By Catherine
at 2020-05-01T23:28
at 2020-05-01T23:28

By Rachel
at 2020-05-03T17:45
at 2020-05-03T17:45

By Bennie
at 2020-05-08T00:44
at 2020-05-08T00:44

By Sierra Rose
at 2020-05-12T02:39
at 2020-05-12T02:39

By Necoo
at 2020-05-15T22:28
at 2020-05-15T22:28

By Rebecca
at 2020-05-18T01:52
at 2020-05-18T01:52

By Zanna
at 2020-05-22T23:13
at 2020-05-22T23:13

By Adele
at 2020-05-27T21:39
at 2020-05-27T21:39

By Catherine
at 2020-05-31T13:46
at 2020-05-31T13:46

By Ula
at 2020-06-03T09:59
at 2020-06-03T09:59

By Tom
at 2020-06-07T08:47
at 2020-06-07T08:47

By Dinah
at 2020-06-12T03:31
at 2020-06-12T03:31

By Candice
at 2020-06-14T08:40
at 2020-06-14T08:40

By Franklin
at 2020-06-18T16:52
at 2020-06-18T16:52

By Gilbert
at 2020-06-19T16:40
at 2020-06-19T16:40

By Tracy
at 2020-06-19T23:53
at 2020-06-19T23:53

By Elizabeth
at 2020-06-20T23:50
at 2020-06-20T23:50

By Sarah
at 2020-06-25T01:09
at 2020-06-25T01:09

By Megan
at 2020-06-25T22:35
at 2020-06-25T22:35

By Caitlin
at 2020-06-27T23:49
at 2020-06-27T23:49

By Kyle
at 2020-06-30T22:25
at 2020-06-30T22:25

By Dorothy
at 2020-07-02T03:29
at 2020-07-02T03:29

By Megan
at 2020-07-07T01:05
at 2020-07-07T01:05

By Bethany
at 2020-07-10T04:56
at 2020-07-10T04:56

By Christine
at 2020-07-10T22:12
at 2020-07-10T22:12

By Gary
at 2020-07-13T23:55
at 2020-07-13T23:55

By Kristin
at 2020-07-16T23:35
at 2020-07-16T23:35

By Steve
at 2020-07-17T01:19
at 2020-07-17T01:19

By Christine
at 2020-07-21T15:33
at 2020-07-21T15:33

By Blanche
at 2020-07-22T07:38
at 2020-07-22T07:38

By Oscar
at 2020-07-25T03:55
at 2020-07-25T03:55

By Freda
at 2020-07-26T06:42
at 2020-07-26T06:42

By Valerie
at 2020-07-29T18:09
at 2020-07-29T18:09

By Robert
at 2020-07-30T18:02
at 2020-07-30T18:02

By Barb Cronin
at 2020-08-02T19:08
at 2020-08-02T19:08

By Thomas
at 2020-08-05T06:49
at 2020-08-05T06:49

By Edwina
at 2020-08-05T19:54
at 2020-08-05T19:54

By Ophelia
at 2020-08-10T15:54
at 2020-08-10T15:54

By Lily
at 2020-08-13T12:08
at 2020-08-13T12:08

By Quanna
at 2020-08-17T07:21
at 2020-08-17T07:21

By Dinah
at 2020-08-20T07:13
at 2020-08-20T07:13

By Candice
at 2020-08-22T06:37
at 2020-08-22T06:37

By Suhail Hany
at 2020-08-25T01:05
at 2020-08-25T01:05

By Gary
at 2020-08-26T13:42
at 2020-08-26T13:42

By Susan
at 2020-08-26T19:46
at 2020-08-26T19:46

By Dora
at 2020-08-27T07:39
at 2020-08-27T07:39

By Belly
at 2020-08-31T19:45
at 2020-08-31T19:45

By Rae
at 2020-09-03T21:13
at 2020-09-03T21:13

By Lily
at 2020-09-03T22:14
at 2020-09-03T22:14

By Edward Lewis
at 2020-09-04T13:12
at 2020-09-04T13:12

By Zora
at 2020-09-06T02:51
at 2020-09-06T02:51

By Hedwig
at 2020-09-08T10:40
at 2020-09-08T10:40

By Andrew
at 2020-09-12T04:57
at 2020-09-12T04:57

By Ivy
at 2020-09-16T19:28
at 2020-09-16T19:28

By Cara
at 2020-09-17T05:06
at 2020-09-17T05:06

By Catherine
at 2020-09-17T13:10
at 2020-09-17T13:10

By Emma
at 2020-09-21T06:18
at 2020-09-21T06:18

By Michael
at 2020-09-25T05:39
at 2020-09-25T05:39

By Genevieve
at 2020-09-28T22:39
at 2020-09-28T22:39

By Skylar Davis
at 2020-09-29T07:14
at 2020-09-29T07:14

By Joe
at 2020-09-30T15:12
at 2020-09-30T15:12

By Caitlin
at 2020-10-05T03:01
at 2020-10-05T03:01

By Rosalind
at 2020-10-05T08:36
at 2020-10-05T08:36

By Poppy
at 2020-10-07T20:09
at 2020-10-07T20:09

By Ursula
at 2020-10-11T22:29
at 2020-10-11T22:29

By Mia
at 2020-10-12T16:12
at 2020-10-12T16:12

By Elizabeth
at 2020-10-17T09:36
at 2020-10-17T09:36

By Robert
at 2020-10-18T10:36
at 2020-10-18T10:36

By Freda
at 2020-10-19T20:52
at 2020-10-19T20:52

By Adele
at 2020-10-21T19:01
at 2020-10-21T19:01

By Una
at 2020-10-26T13:24
at 2020-10-26T13:24

By Edward Lewis
at 2020-10-31T01:58
at 2020-10-31T01:58

By Todd Johnson
at 2020-11-03T17:06
at 2020-11-03T17:06

By Jack
at 2020-11-06T16:52
at 2020-11-06T16:52

By Charlotte
at 2020-11-10T02:39
at 2020-11-10T02:39

By Bennie
at 2020-11-12T08:53
at 2020-11-12T08:53

By Jack
at 2020-11-13T04:29
at 2020-11-13T04:29

By Emily
at 2020-11-14T17:48
at 2020-11-14T17:48

By Zora
at 2020-11-14T19:12
at 2020-11-14T19:12

By James
at 2020-11-15T18:43
at 2020-11-15T18:43

By Frederic
at 2020-11-16T12:54
at 2020-11-16T12:54

By Edith
at 2020-11-18T18:51
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at 2021-05-07T13:22

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at 2021-05-08T11:17

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at 2021-05-27T07:13

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