美國是如何把日本導入經濟泡沫的? - 股票
By Selena
at 2018-06-17T20:37
at 2018-06-17T20:37
Table of Contents
※ 引述《howard172 (瓠小雄)》之銘言:
: 1.來源:
: https://read01.com/D8oRJa.html
: 2.內容:
: 貿易摩擦、產業控制與高科技爭奪,國家利益和世界霸權是美國政策的核心
: 日本與美國是二戰期間的敵人,戰後的政治軍事外交盟友。美國先占領日本,又扶植日本
: ,是出於韓戰和冷戰的需要,以後則是圍堵中國的需要。
: 美國一直以新自由主義改造日本。戰後日本陷入惡性通貨膨脹,杜魯門總統派特使,銀行
: 家道奇去推行「休克療法」,說日本是「高蹺經濟」,要砍掉美國援助和財政補貼這兩條
: 腿,造成經濟衰退和嚴重失業,依靠韓戰才解脫出來。以後日本經濟高速增長18年,離不
: 開美國的扶植,美國替日本承擔了軍費,把力量集中於發展軍事工業,向日本廉價轉讓民
: 用技術;對日本實行5%的優惠關稅,而默認日本單方面對美國徵收15%的關稅,保持對美
: 大幅度貿易順差。日本則在政治軍事外交技術市場方面全面依賴美國,成為美國在亞洲的
: 冷戰基地。
: 日本的半導體和汽車,在上世紀60年代以後成為美國強勁競爭對手,美國採取一系列措施
: 整治日本。早期逼迫日本「自願限制出口」,從1956年的紡織品,到後來的鋼鐵、汽車、
: 計算機,層出不窮。1977年美國半導體協會指責日本違背市場規則,濫用傾銷方式。美國
: 政府幫助企業,採取多種方式包括政府間協議限制日本,培植中國台灣、韓國作為競爭對
: 手,至1993年終於取代日本再度成為最大的晶片出口國。日元資本外流出現了產業空心化
: ,日本政府沒有魄力和能力推動產業升級,至21世紀日本在高科技產業上已完全輸給了美
: 國。
: 出口導向、貨幣升值、金融自由、宏觀失控是催生泡沫經濟的四大因素
: 1946年為扶植日本,美元對於日元大大高估,出口導向惡化了國內的二元經濟關係。隨著
: 日本經濟的恢復,日元從1美元兌換360日元升值到了250日元。日元在1965年就宣布可自
: 由兌換,但金融體系沒有放開,國家控制相當嚴密,國際資本無法自由進出。美國壓迫日
: 本先開放金融市場,再把日元升值,一直持續了14年,日本節節抵抗,節節敗退,最後全
: 盤放開,頃刻瓦解。
: 20世紀80年代美國發明了一種理論:日元低估是萬惡之源,日本政府操縱匯率,背離市場
: ,導致美國雙赤字。美國聯合西方各國聯手,在1985年達成「華盛頓共識」,聯手壓迫日
: 元升值,一宣布就造成嚴重升值預期,投機資本進入日本,1985年底就促使日元迅速升值
: 到1:200,最高升值到1:80;1998年亞洲金融危機時期日元曾貶值到1:150,後來就在9
: 0—130範圍內波動。
: 僅僅是貨幣升值,並不會產生嚴重的泡沫經濟。
: 「華盛頓共識」不限於宣布日元升值,而是一個一攬子新自由主義改革計劃:開放國內市
: 場;充分發揮私人行業的生命力;實施彈性的金融政策,使之充分考慮到日元的匯率;更
: 有力地推動金融體系和日元的自由化,使日元反映日本經濟的實力;允許地方政府進行追
: 加投資;刺激國內需求,擴大消費信用和住房按揭等。
: 在貨幣升值期間推行金融自由化,加速泡沫經濟形成。日本傳統金融體制是主銀行體制,
: 銀行與企業相互持股,以銀行為中心形成企業集團,政府規定存貸款利率差,保護銀行和
: 居民的利益。資本市場極不發達,銀行隸屬於財政部,主要目標不是利潤,而是政府經濟
: 目標和財團整體利益。
: 這種銀行體系被指責為「封建體系」,逼迫日本實施金融體系和外匯市場自由化:擴大資
: 本市場,放開利率。允許銀行業以利潤為中心,從事創新業務,發展房地產按揭和資產證
: 券化,銀行參與債券發行,交易外國金融期貨,進入養老信託,向企業出售證券化貸款,
: 將銀行完全推向市場和國際化,改造成「現代銀行」,廢除政府對銀行的保護。
: 金融自由化在相當程度上激化了金融固有的脆弱性。利率上限取消以及降低進入壁壘,引
: 起銀行特許權價值降低,銀行部門的風險管理行為扭曲;金融業由分業經營走向混業經營
: ;商業銀行和投資銀行日益融合,銀行過度介入證券市場。日本在1960一1980年企業借入
: 資金為30%,80年代後下降到10%,進入90年代下降到5%。銀行收益減少,從事高風險高收
: 益投資,加大了金融系統存在的道德風險。
: 起銀行特許權價值降低,銀行部門的風險管理行為扭曲;金融業由分業經營走向混業經營
: ;商業銀行和投資銀行日益融合,銀行過度介入證券市場。日本在1960一1980年企業借入
: 資金為30%,80年代後下降到10%,進入90年代下降到5%。銀行收益減少,從事高風險高收
: 益投資,加大了金融系統存在的道德風險。
: 3.心得:
: 很像,真的很像。印象很深刻,僅是日本換成中國,手法如出一轍,現在在強迫國際化的
: 進程,更一絕的是,總統川普嘲諷一流,加速了泡沫進程,偉哉美帝。
: -----
: Sent from JPTT on my Sony D6653.
其實很難說,當時日本產業高度依賴美國,但美國並沒有高度依賴日本
加上日本的汽車產業發展起來後對美國汽車產生嚴重威脅,才促使美國對日本下手。
而今中美雙方互相高度依賴,中國有日本沒有的龐大內需市場,但還沒有日本那麼高級的工業水準,美國要打中國也是投鼠忌器,相互依存理論下要死一定兩個一起死
所以中國會不會成為以前的日本,不能這樣就斷定。
-----
Sent from JPTT on my Sony F5122.
--
: 1.來源:
: https://read01.com/D8oRJa.html
: 2.內容:
: 貿易摩擦、產業控制與高科技爭奪,國家利益和世界霸權是美國政策的核心
: 日本與美國是二戰期間的敵人,戰後的政治軍事外交盟友。美國先占領日本,又扶植日本
: ,是出於韓戰和冷戰的需要,以後則是圍堵中國的需要。
: 美國一直以新自由主義改造日本。戰後日本陷入惡性通貨膨脹,杜魯門總統派特使,銀行
: 家道奇去推行「休克療法」,說日本是「高蹺經濟」,要砍掉美國援助和財政補貼這兩條
: 腿,造成經濟衰退和嚴重失業,依靠韓戰才解脫出來。以後日本經濟高速增長18年,離不
: 開美國的扶植,美國替日本承擔了軍費,把力量集中於發展軍事工業,向日本廉價轉讓民
: 用技術;對日本實行5%的優惠關稅,而默認日本單方面對美國徵收15%的關稅,保持對美
: 大幅度貿易順差。日本則在政治軍事外交技術市場方面全面依賴美國,成為美國在亞洲的
: 冷戰基地。
: 日本的半導體和汽車,在上世紀60年代以後成為美國強勁競爭對手,美國採取一系列措施
: 整治日本。早期逼迫日本「自願限制出口」,從1956年的紡織品,到後來的鋼鐵、汽車、
: 計算機,層出不窮。1977年美國半導體協會指責日本違背市場規則,濫用傾銷方式。美國
: 政府幫助企業,採取多種方式包括政府間協議限制日本,培植中國台灣、韓國作為競爭對
: 手,至1993年終於取代日本再度成為最大的晶片出口國。日元資本外流出現了產業空心化
: ,日本政府沒有魄力和能力推動產業升級,至21世紀日本在高科技產業上已完全輸給了美
: 國。
: 出口導向、貨幣升值、金融自由、宏觀失控是催生泡沫經濟的四大因素
: 1946年為扶植日本,美元對於日元大大高估,出口導向惡化了國內的二元經濟關係。隨著
: 日本經濟的恢復,日元從1美元兌換360日元升值到了250日元。日元在1965年就宣布可自
: 由兌換,但金融體系沒有放開,國家控制相當嚴密,國際資本無法自由進出。美國壓迫日
: 本先開放金融市場,再把日元升值,一直持續了14年,日本節節抵抗,節節敗退,最後全
: 盤放開,頃刻瓦解。
: 20世紀80年代美國發明了一種理論:日元低估是萬惡之源,日本政府操縱匯率,背離市場
: ,導致美國雙赤字。美國聯合西方各國聯手,在1985年達成「華盛頓共識」,聯手壓迫日
: 元升值,一宣布就造成嚴重升值預期,投機資本進入日本,1985年底就促使日元迅速升值
: 到1:200,最高升值到1:80;1998年亞洲金融危機時期日元曾貶值到1:150,後來就在9
: 0—130範圍內波動。
: 僅僅是貨幣升值,並不會產生嚴重的泡沫經濟。
: 「華盛頓共識」不限於宣布日元升值,而是一個一攬子新自由主義改革計劃:開放國內市
: 場;充分發揮私人行業的生命力;實施彈性的金融政策,使之充分考慮到日元的匯率;更
: 有力地推動金融體系和日元的自由化,使日元反映日本經濟的實力;允許地方政府進行追
: 加投資;刺激國內需求,擴大消費信用和住房按揭等。
: 在貨幣升值期間推行金融自由化,加速泡沫經濟形成。日本傳統金融體制是主銀行體制,
: 銀行與企業相互持股,以銀行為中心形成企業集團,政府規定存貸款利率差,保護銀行和
: 居民的利益。資本市場極不發達,銀行隸屬於財政部,主要目標不是利潤,而是政府經濟
: 目標和財團整體利益。
: 這種銀行體系被指責為「封建體系」,逼迫日本實施金融體系和外匯市場自由化:擴大資
: 本市場,放開利率。允許銀行業以利潤為中心,從事創新業務,發展房地產按揭和資產證
: 券化,銀行參與債券發行,交易外國金融期貨,進入養老信託,向企業出售證券化貸款,
: 將銀行完全推向市場和國際化,改造成「現代銀行」,廢除政府對銀行的保護。
: 金融自由化在相當程度上激化了金融固有的脆弱性。利率上限取消以及降低進入壁壘,引
: 起銀行特許權價值降低,銀行部門的風險管理行為扭曲;金融業由分業經營走向混業經營
: ;商業銀行和投資銀行日益融合,銀行過度介入證券市場。日本在1960一1980年企業借入
: 資金為30%,80年代後下降到10%,進入90年代下降到5%。銀行收益減少,從事高風險高收
: 益投資,加大了金融系統存在的道德風險。
: 起銀行特許權價值降低,銀行部門的風險管理行為扭曲;金融業由分業經營走向混業經營
: ;商業銀行和投資銀行日益融合,銀行過度介入證券市場。日本在1960一1980年企業借入
: 資金為30%,80年代後下降到10%,進入90年代下降到5%。銀行收益減少,從事高風險高收
: 益投資,加大了金融系統存在的道德風險。
: 3.心得:
: 很像,真的很像。印象很深刻,僅是日本換成中國,手法如出一轍,現在在強迫國際化的
: 進程,更一絕的是,總統川普嘲諷一流,加速了泡沫進程,偉哉美帝。
: -----
: Sent from JPTT on my Sony D6653.
其實很難說,當時日本產業高度依賴美國,但美國並沒有高度依賴日本
加上日本的汽車產業發展起來後對美國汽車產生嚴重威脅,才促使美國對日本下手。
而今中美雙方互相高度依賴,中國有日本沒有的龐大內需市場,但還沒有日本那麼高級的工業水準,美國要打中國也是投鼠忌器,相互依存理論下要死一定兩個一起死
所以中國會不會成為以前的日本,不能這樣就斷定。
-----
Sent from JPTT on my Sony F5122.
--
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股票
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at 2018-11-28T12:05
By Skylar Davis
at 2018-11-29T21:44
at 2018-11-29T21:44
By Michael
at 2018-12-04T00:10
at 2018-12-04T00:10
By Brianna
at 2018-12-07T19:12
at 2018-12-07T19:12
By Elvira
at 2018-12-08T10:17
at 2018-12-08T10:17
By Rachel
at 2018-12-08T14:05
at 2018-12-08T14:05
By Elvira
at 2018-12-11T06:54
at 2018-12-11T06:54
By Irma
at 2018-12-14T21:13
at 2018-12-14T21:13
By Brianna
at 2018-12-17T21:02
at 2018-12-17T21:02
By Yuri
at 2018-12-21T07:37
at 2018-12-21T07:37
By Skylar DavisLinda
at 2018-12-23T17:53
at 2018-12-23T17:53
By David
at 2018-12-24T06:15
at 2018-12-24T06:15
By Michael
at 2018-12-24T10:56
at 2018-12-24T10:56
By Todd Johnson
at 2018-12-27T07:22
at 2018-12-27T07:22
By Ethan
at 2018-12-28T03:29
at 2018-12-28T03:29
By Hedy
at 2018-12-29T17:05
at 2018-12-29T17:05
By Callum
at 2019-01-01T05:24
at 2019-01-01T05:24
By Rebecca
at 2019-01-04T09:01
at 2019-01-04T09:01
By Adele
at 2019-01-04T22:47
at 2019-01-04T22:47
By Agnes
at 2019-01-05T12:05
at 2019-01-05T12:05
By Connor
at 2019-01-08T03:34
at 2019-01-08T03:34
By Hedwig
at 2019-01-08T17:25
at 2019-01-08T17:25
By Freda
at 2019-01-09T08:53
at 2019-01-09T08:53
By Hedy
at 2019-01-12T09:29
at 2019-01-12T09:29
By Edith
at 2019-01-16T11:34
at 2019-01-16T11:34
By Lucy
at 2019-01-17T06:54
at 2019-01-17T06:54
By Daniel
at 2019-01-18T21:45
at 2019-01-18T21:45
By Rachel
at 2019-01-20T04:59
at 2019-01-20T04:59
By Kama
at 2019-01-23T20:13
at 2019-01-23T20:13
By Zora
at 2019-01-26T12:22
at 2019-01-26T12:22
By Tracy
at 2019-01-26T14:33
at 2019-01-26T14:33
By Skylar DavisLinda
at 2019-01-28T15:30
at 2019-01-28T15:30
By Edwina
at 2019-01-30T12:09
at 2019-01-30T12:09
By Dinah
at 2019-01-31T12:28
at 2019-01-31T12:28
By Frederica
at 2019-02-03T18:16
at 2019-02-03T18:16
By Oscar
at 2019-02-08T10:39
at 2019-02-08T10:39
By Anonymous
at 2019-02-11T10:24
at 2019-02-11T10:24
By Blanche
at 2019-02-16T09:47
at 2019-02-16T09:47
By Elma
at 2019-02-16T18:16
at 2019-02-16T18:16
By Lydia
at 2019-02-21T18:02
at 2019-02-21T18:02
By Vanessa
at 2019-02-24T17:02
at 2019-02-24T17:02
By Andrew
at 2019-02-27T05:56
at 2019-02-27T05:56
By Suhail Hany
at 2019-02-28T02:41
at 2019-02-28T02:41
By Ophelia
at 2019-03-04T02:24
at 2019-03-04T02:24
By Brianna
at 2019-03-06T07:19
at 2019-03-06T07:19
By Xanthe
at 2019-03-09T22:00
at 2019-03-09T22:00
By Agatha
at 2019-03-12T12:34
at 2019-03-12T12:34
By Madame
at 2019-03-14T01:10
at 2019-03-14T01:10
By Ivy
at 2019-03-18T11:09
at 2019-03-18T11:09
By Ina
at 2019-03-18T22:27
at 2019-03-18T22:27
By Ula
at 2019-03-21T23:05
at 2019-03-21T23:05
By Daph Bay
at 2019-03-26T13:22
at 2019-03-26T13:22
By Regina
at 2019-03-29T00:35
at 2019-03-29T00:35
By Victoria
at 2019-04-01T20:35
at 2019-04-01T20:35
By Kama
at 2019-04-04T04:20
at 2019-04-04T04:20
By Anthony
at 2019-04-05T10:30
at 2019-04-05T10:30
By Adele
at 2019-04-07T03:16
at 2019-04-07T03:16
By Anonymous
at 2019-04-07T11:25
at 2019-04-07T11:25
By Tom
at 2019-04-10T08:29
at 2019-04-10T08:29
By Una
at 2019-04-14T20:01
at 2019-04-14T20:01
By Quanna
at 2019-04-15T02:36
at 2019-04-15T02:36
By Oliver
at 2019-04-17T10:06
at 2019-04-17T10:06
By Valerie
at 2019-04-20T00:59
at 2019-04-20T00:59
By Kyle
at 2019-04-23T05:32
at 2019-04-23T05:32
By Heather
at 2019-04-25T15:10
at 2019-04-25T15:10
By Caitlin
at 2019-04-29T09:37
at 2019-04-29T09:37
By Tom
at 2019-05-03T19:10
at 2019-05-03T19:10
By Elizabeth
at 2019-05-05T20:52
at 2019-05-05T20:52
By Jacky
at 2019-05-06T08:42
at 2019-05-06T08:42
By Megan
at 2019-05-06T11:37
at 2019-05-06T11:37
By David
at 2019-05-08T01:24
at 2019-05-08T01:24
By Caitlin
at 2019-05-08T22:57
at 2019-05-08T22:57
By Leila
at 2019-05-12T02:06
at 2019-05-12T02:06
By Ingrid
at 2019-05-16T22:59
at 2019-05-16T22:59
By Christine
at 2019-05-19T05:13
at 2019-05-19T05:13
By Gary
at 2019-05-23T10:37
at 2019-05-23T10:37
By Rae
at 2019-05-28T09:48
at 2019-05-28T09:48
By Quanna
at 2019-05-30T12:22
at 2019-05-30T12:22
By Jack
at 2019-06-03T16:37
at 2019-06-03T16:37
By Emma
at 2019-06-05T23:08
at 2019-06-05T23:08
By Emma
at 2019-06-08T12:09
at 2019-06-08T12:09
By Jessica
at 2019-06-09T06:41
at 2019-06-09T06:41
By Jessica
at 2019-06-12T03:31
at 2019-06-12T03:31
By Isla
at 2019-06-13T19:32
at 2019-06-13T19:32
By Vanessa
at 2019-06-16T15:08
at 2019-06-16T15:08
By Kelly
at 2019-06-16T21:06
at 2019-06-16T21:06
By Thomas
at 2019-06-19T18:22
at 2019-06-19T18:22
By Dorothy
at 2019-06-24T10:07
at 2019-06-24T10:07
By Necoo
at 2019-06-25T00:04
at 2019-06-25T00:04
By Olga
at 2019-06-27T18:49
at 2019-06-27T18:49
By George
at 2019-07-01T17:43
at 2019-07-01T17:43
By Jessica
at 2019-07-03T12:43
at 2019-07-03T12:43
By Mary
at 2019-07-04T09:01
at 2019-07-04T09:01
By Kelly
at 2019-07-06T20:01
at 2019-07-06T20:01
By Ivy
at 2019-07-09T04:38
at 2019-07-09T04:38
By Ivy
at 2019-07-09T12:22
at 2019-07-09T12:22
By Belly
at 2019-07-13T02:49
at 2019-07-13T02:49
By David
at 2019-07-17T20:18
at 2019-07-17T20:18
By Suhail Hany
at 2019-07-22T16:47
at 2019-07-22T16:47
By Daniel
at 2019-07-24T02:32
at 2019-07-24T02:32
By Carolina Franco
at 2019-07-27T23:08
at 2019-07-27T23:08
By Emily
at 2019-08-01T13:26
at 2019-08-01T13:26
By Ula
at 2019-08-04T06:52
at 2019-08-04T06:52
By Kama
at 2019-08-07T17:14
at 2019-08-07T17:14
By William
at 2019-08-10T05:47
at 2019-08-10T05:47
By Cara
at 2019-08-13T09:23
at 2019-08-13T09:23
By Ida
at 2019-08-17T17:51
at 2019-08-17T17:51
By Anthony
at 2019-08-19T04:13
at 2019-08-19T04:13
By Noah
at 2019-08-24T01:01
at 2019-08-24T01:01
By Catherine
at 2019-08-27T12:56
at 2019-08-27T12:56
By Catherine
at 2019-08-30T11:13
at 2019-08-30T11:13
By Annie
at 2019-09-02T18:11
at 2019-09-02T18:11
By Ula
at 2019-09-05T11:00
at 2019-09-05T11:00
By Catherine
at 2019-09-07T15:03
at 2019-09-07T15:03
By Emma
at 2019-09-09T18:52
at 2019-09-09T18:52
By George
at 2019-09-11T18:22
at 2019-09-11T18:22
By Hardy
at 2019-09-16T16:06
at 2019-09-16T16:06
By Queena
at 2019-09-18T11:33
at 2019-09-18T11:33
By Edward Lewis
at 2019-09-22T15:24
at 2019-09-22T15:24
By Delia
at 2019-09-23T16:28
at 2019-09-23T16:28
By Gilbert
at 2019-09-28T01:53
at 2019-09-28T01:53
By Xanthe
at 2019-10-02T18:56
at 2019-10-02T18:56
By Rebecca
at 2019-10-03T18:45
at 2019-10-03T18:45
By Rosalind
at 2019-10-07T13:41
at 2019-10-07T13:41
By Eartha
at 2019-10-08T19:18
at 2019-10-08T19:18
By Leila
at 2019-10-13T10:58
at 2019-10-13T10:58
By Poppy
at 2019-10-16T15:27
at 2019-10-16T15:27
By Leila
at 2019-10-17T23:22
at 2019-10-17T23:22
By Agnes
at 2019-10-22T22:49
at 2019-10-22T22:49
By Ursula
at 2019-10-26T02:44
at 2019-10-26T02:44
By Tristan Cohan
at 2019-10-27T10:14
at 2019-10-27T10:14
By Skylar Davis
at 2019-10-29T10:02
at 2019-10-29T10:02
By Dora
at 2019-11-02T08:39
at 2019-11-02T08:39
By Ingrid
at 2019-11-05T06:55
at 2019-11-05T06:55
By James
at 2019-11-07T06:31
at 2019-11-07T06:31
By Kelly
at 2019-11-09T16:39
at 2019-11-09T16:39
By Carol
at 2019-11-12T07:50
at 2019-11-12T07:50
By Quintina
at 2019-11-14T03:17
at 2019-11-14T03:17
By Carol
at 2019-11-17T16:47
at 2019-11-17T16:47
By Quintina
at 2019-11-18T09:14
at 2019-11-18T09:14
By Olive
at 2019-11-21T17:10
at 2019-11-21T17:10
By Joseph
at 2019-11-26T16:28
at 2019-11-26T16:28
By Lauren
at 2019-11-27T22:18
at 2019-11-27T22:18
By Candice
at 2019-11-30T16:09
at 2019-11-30T16:09
By Tristan Cohan
at 2019-12-04T05:15
at 2019-12-04T05:15
By Agatha
at 2019-12-04T19:18
at 2019-12-04T19:18
By Ivy
at 2019-12-07T04:39
at 2019-12-07T04:39
By Kristin
at 2019-12-10T14:57
at 2019-12-10T14:57
By Jake
at 2019-12-14T03:59
at 2019-12-14T03:59
By Olive
at 2019-12-14T09:08
at 2019-12-14T09:08
By Daniel
at 2019-12-16T21:45
at 2019-12-16T21:45
By Selena
at 2019-12-20T13:23
at 2019-12-20T13:23
By Irma
at 2019-12-23T18:23
at 2019-12-23T18:23
By Irma
at 2019-12-24T03:49
at 2019-12-24T03:49
By Victoria
at 2019-12-28T01:39
at 2019-12-28T01:39
By William
at 2019-12-30T10:07
at 2019-12-30T10:07
By Anonymous
at 2019-12-31T00:08
at 2019-12-31T00:08
By Rebecca
at 2020-01-04T04:16
at 2020-01-04T04:16
By Michael
at 2020-01-07T22:11
at 2020-01-07T22:11
By Quintina
at 2020-01-12T08:19
at 2020-01-12T08:19
By Faithe
at 2020-01-16T23:50
at 2020-01-16T23:50
By William
at 2020-01-17T23:44
at 2020-01-17T23:44
By Caitlin
at 2020-01-21T12:23
at 2020-01-21T12:23
By Yuri
at 2020-01-24T02:50
at 2020-01-24T02:50
By Tracy
at 2020-01-25T13:45
at 2020-01-25T13:45
By Joe
at 2020-01-26T07:13
at 2020-01-26T07:13
By Ula
at 2020-01-30T11:16
at 2020-01-30T11:16
By Charlotte
at 2020-01-31T07:17
at 2020-01-31T07:17
By Hedy
at 2020-01-31T14:12
at 2020-01-31T14:12
By Todd Johnson
at 2020-02-01T11:12
at 2020-02-01T11:12
By Elizabeth
at 2020-02-04T21:55
at 2020-02-04T21:55
By Adele
at 2020-02-09T21:52
at 2020-02-09T21:52
By Skylar DavisLinda
at 2020-02-11T02:25
at 2020-02-11T02:25
By Kyle
at 2020-02-12T22:27
at 2020-02-12T22:27
By Ingrid
at 2020-02-17T13:47
at 2020-02-17T13:47
By Jack
at 2020-02-17T16:07
at 2020-02-17T16:07
By Hamiltion
at 2020-02-20T18:52
at 2020-02-20T18:52
By Puput
at 2020-02-24T18:20
at 2020-02-24T18:20
By Jacky
at 2020-02-24T19:32
at 2020-02-24T19:32
By Sierra Rose
at 2020-02-28T10:14
at 2020-02-28T10:14
By Skylar Davis
at 2020-03-02T00:45
at 2020-03-02T00:45
By Sierra Rose
at 2020-03-05T08:38
at 2020-03-05T08:38
By Daniel
at 2020-03-09T08:14
at 2020-03-09T08:14
By Lauren
at 2020-03-10T02:13
at 2020-03-10T02:13
By Erin
at 2020-03-11T12:09
at 2020-03-11T12:09
By Quanna
at 2020-03-14T13:29
at 2020-03-14T13:29
By Liam
at 2020-03-16T08:57
at 2020-03-16T08:57
By Robert
at 2020-03-19T19:20
at 2020-03-19T19:20
By Mia
at 2020-03-19T21:47
at 2020-03-19T21:47
By Ethan
at 2020-03-20T15:34
at 2020-03-20T15:34
By Connor
at 2020-03-21T21:54
at 2020-03-21T21:54
By Mia
at 2020-03-23T03:05
at 2020-03-23T03:05
By Quanna
at 2020-03-24T01:24
at 2020-03-24T01:24
By Sandy
at 2020-03-25T13:44
at 2020-03-25T13:44
By Robert
at 2020-03-29T19:15
at 2020-03-29T19:15
By Freda
at 2020-03-30T03:26
at 2020-03-30T03:26
By Frederic
at 2020-04-02T22:05
at 2020-04-02T22:05
By Cara
at 2020-04-05T08:04
at 2020-04-05T08:04
By Jake
at 2020-04-09T12:27
at 2020-04-09T12:27
By Genevieve
at 2020-04-13T21:19
at 2020-04-13T21:19
By Irma
at 2020-04-17T23:14
at 2020-04-17T23:14
By Damian
at 2020-04-22T02:47
at 2020-04-22T02:47
By Anonymous
at 2020-04-26T14:26
at 2020-04-26T14:26
By Elma
at 2020-04-27T02:15
at 2020-04-27T02:15
By Catherine
at 2020-05-01T23:28
at 2020-05-01T23:28
By Rachel
at 2020-05-03T17:45
at 2020-05-03T17:45
By Bennie
at 2020-05-08T00:44
at 2020-05-08T00:44
By Sierra Rose
at 2020-05-12T02:39
at 2020-05-12T02:39
By Necoo
at 2020-05-15T22:28
at 2020-05-15T22:28
By Rebecca
at 2020-05-18T01:52
at 2020-05-18T01:52
By Zanna
at 2020-05-22T23:13
at 2020-05-22T23:13
By Adele
at 2020-05-27T21:39
at 2020-05-27T21:39
By Catherine
at 2020-05-31T13:46
at 2020-05-31T13:46
By Ula
at 2020-06-03T09:59
at 2020-06-03T09:59
By Tom
at 2020-06-07T08:47
at 2020-06-07T08:47
By Dinah
at 2020-06-12T03:31
at 2020-06-12T03:31
By Candice
at 2020-06-14T08:40
at 2020-06-14T08:40
By Franklin
at 2020-06-18T16:52
at 2020-06-18T16:52
By Gilbert
at 2020-06-19T16:40
at 2020-06-19T16:40
By Tracy
at 2020-06-19T23:53
at 2020-06-19T23:53
By Elizabeth
at 2020-06-20T23:50
at 2020-06-20T23:50
By Sarah
at 2020-06-25T01:09
at 2020-06-25T01:09
By Megan
at 2020-06-25T22:35
at 2020-06-25T22:35
By Caitlin
at 2020-06-27T23:49
at 2020-06-27T23:49
By Kyle
at 2020-06-30T22:25
at 2020-06-30T22:25
By Dorothy
at 2020-07-02T03:29
at 2020-07-02T03:29
By Megan
at 2020-07-07T01:05
at 2020-07-07T01:05
By Bethany
at 2020-07-10T04:56
at 2020-07-10T04:56
By Christine
at 2020-07-10T22:12
at 2020-07-10T22:12
By Gary
at 2020-07-13T23:55
at 2020-07-13T23:55
By Kristin
at 2020-07-16T23:35
at 2020-07-16T23:35
By Steve
at 2020-07-17T01:19
at 2020-07-17T01:19
By Christine
at 2020-07-21T15:33
at 2020-07-21T15:33
By Blanche
at 2020-07-22T07:38
at 2020-07-22T07:38
By Oscar
at 2020-07-25T03:55
at 2020-07-25T03:55
By Freda
at 2020-07-26T06:42
at 2020-07-26T06:42
By Valerie
at 2020-07-29T18:09
at 2020-07-29T18:09
By Robert
at 2020-07-30T18:02
at 2020-07-30T18:02
By Barb Cronin
at 2020-08-02T19:08
at 2020-08-02T19:08
By Thomas
at 2020-08-05T06:49
at 2020-08-05T06:49
By Edwina
at 2020-08-05T19:54
at 2020-08-05T19:54
By Ophelia
at 2020-08-10T15:54
at 2020-08-10T15:54
By Lily
at 2020-08-13T12:08
at 2020-08-13T12:08
By Quanna
at 2020-08-17T07:21
at 2020-08-17T07:21
By Dinah
at 2020-08-20T07:13
at 2020-08-20T07:13
By Candice
at 2020-08-22T06:37
at 2020-08-22T06:37
By Suhail Hany
at 2020-08-25T01:05
at 2020-08-25T01:05
By Gary
at 2020-08-26T13:42
at 2020-08-26T13:42
By Susan
at 2020-08-26T19:46
at 2020-08-26T19:46
By Dora
at 2020-08-27T07:39
at 2020-08-27T07:39
By Belly
at 2020-08-31T19:45
at 2020-08-31T19:45
By Rae
at 2020-09-03T21:13
at 2020-09-03T21:13
By Lily
at 2020-09-03T22:14
at 2020-09-03T22:14
By Edward Lewis
at 2020-09-04T13:12
at 2020-09-04T13:12
By Zora
at 2020-09-06T02:51
at 2020-09-06T02:51
By Hedwig
at 2020-09-08T10:40
at 2020-09-08T10:40
By Andrew
at 2020-09-12T04:57
at 2020-09-12T04:57
By Ivy
at 2020-09-16T19:28
at 2020-09-16T19:28
By Cara
at 2020-09-17T05:06
at 2020-09-17T05:06
By Catherine
at 2020-09-17T13:10
at 2020-09-17T13:10
By Emma
at 2020-09-21T06:18
at 2020-09-21T06:18
By Michael
at 2020-09-25T05:39
at 2020-09-25T05:39
By Genevieve
at 2020-09-28T22:39
at 2020-09-28T22:39
By Skylar Davis
at 2020-09-29T07:14
at 2020-09-29T07:14
By Joe
at 2020-09-30T15:12
at 2020-09-30T15:12
By Caitlin
at 2020-10-05T03:01
at 2020-10-05T03:01
By Rosalind
at 2020-10-05T08:36
at 2020-10-05T08:36
By Poppy
at 2020-10-07T20:09
at 2020-10-07T20:09
By Ursula
at 2020-10-11T22:29
at 2020-10-11T22:29
By Mia
at 2020-10-12T16:12
at 2020-10-12T16:12
By Elizabeth
at 2020-10-17T09:36
at 2020-10-17T09:36
By Robert
at 2020-10-18T10:36
at 2020-10-18T10:36
By Freda
at 2020-10-19T20:52
at 2020-10-19T20:52
By Adele
at 2020-10-21T19:01
at 2020-10-21T19:01
By Una
at 2020-10-26T13:24
at 2020-10-26T13:24
By Edward Lewis
at 2020-10-31T01:58
at 2020-10-31T01:58
By Todd Johnson
at 2020-11-03T17:06
at 2020-11-03T17:06
By Jack
at 2020-11-06T16:52
at 2020-11-06T16:52
By Charlotte
at 2020-11-10T02:39
at 2020-11-10T02:39
By Bennie
at 2020-11-12T08:53
at 2020-11-12T08:53
By Jack
at 2020-11-13T04:29
at 2020-11-13T04:29
By Emily
at 2020-11-14T17:48
at 2020-11-14T17:48
By Zora
at 2020-11-14T19:12
at 2020-11-14T19:12
By James
at 2020-11-15T18:43
at 2020-11-15T18:43
By Frederic
at 2020-11-16T12:54
at 2020-11-16T12:54
By Edith
at 2020-11-18T18:51
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