美國是如何把日本導入經濟泡沫的? - 股票
By Zanna
at 2018-06-17T11:51
at 2018-06-17T11:51
Table of Contents
1.來源:
https://read01.com/D8oRJa.html
2.內容:
貿易摩擦、產業控制與高科技爭奪,國家利益和世界霸權是美國政策的核心
日本與美國是二戰期間的敵人,戰後的政治軍事外交盟友。美國先占領日本,又扶植日本,是出於韓戰和冷戰的需要,以後則是圍堵中國的需要。
美國一直以新自由主義改造日本。戰後日本陷入惡性通貨膨脹,杜魯門總統派特使,銀行家道奇去推行「休克療法」,說日本是「高蹺經濟」,要砍掉美國援助和財政補貼這兩條腿,造成經濟衰退和嚴重失業,依靠韓戰才解脫出來。以後日本經濟高速增長18年,離不開美國的扶植,美國替日本承擔了軍費,把力量集中於發展軍事工業,向日本廉價轉讓民用技術;對日本實行5%的優惠關稅,而默認日本單方面對美國徵收15%的關稅,保持對美大幅度貿易順差。日本則在政治軍事外交技術市場方面全面依賴美國,成為美國在亞洲的冷戰基地。
日本的半導體和汽車,在上世紀60年代以後成為美國強勁競爭對手,美國採取一系列措施整治日本。早期逼迫日本「自願限制出口」,從1956年的紡織品,到後來的鋼鐵、汽車、計算機,層出不窮。1977年美國半導體協會指責日本違背市場規則,濫用傾銷方式。美國政府幫助企業,採取多種方式包括政府間協議限制日本,培植中國台灣、韓國作為競爭對手,至1993年終於取代日本再度成為最大的晶片出口國。日元資本外流出現了產業空心化,日本政府沒有魄力和能力推動產業升級,至21世紀日本在高科技產業上已完全輸給了美國。
出口導向、貨幣升值、金融自由、宏觀失控是催生泡沫經濟的四大因素
1946年為扶植日本,美元對於日元大大高估,出口導向惡化了國內的二元經濟關係。隨著日本經濟的恢復,日元從1美元兌換360日元升值到了250日元。日元在1965年就宣布可自由兌換,但金融體系沒有放開,國家控制相當嚴密,國際資本無法自由進出。美國壓迫日本先開放金融市場,再把日元升值,一直持續了14年,日本節節抵抗,節節敗退,最後全盤放開,頃刻瓦解。
20世紀80年代美國發明了一種理論:日元低估是萬惡之源,日本政府操縱匯率,背離市場,導致美國雙赤字。美國聯合西方各國聯手,在1985年達成「華盛頓共識」,聯手壓迫日元升值,一宣布就造成嚴重升值預期,投機資本進入日本,1985年底就促使日元迅速升值到1:200,最高升值到1:80;1998年亞洲金融危機時期日元曾貶值到1:150,後來就在90—130範圍內波動。
僅僅是貨幣升值,並不會產生嚴重的泡沫經濟。
「華盛頓共識」不限於宣布日元升值,而是一個一攬子新自由主義改革計劃:開放國內市場;充分發揮私人行業的生命力;實施彈性的金融政策,使之充分考慮到日元的匯率;更有力地推動金融體系和日元的自由化,使日元反映日本經濟的實力;允許地方政府進行追加投資;刺激國內需求,擴大消費信用和住房按揭等。
在貨幣升值期間推行金融自由化,加速泡沫經濟形成。日本傳統金融體制是主銀行體制,銀行與企業相互持股,以銀行為中心形成企業集團,政府規定存貸款利率差,保護銀行和居民的利益。資本市場極不發達,銀行隸屬於財政部,主要目標不是利潤,而是政府經濟目標和財團整體利益。
這種銀行體系被指責為「封建體系」,逼迫日本實施金融體系和外匯市場自由化:擴大資本市場,放開利率。允許銀行業以利潤為中心,從事創新業務,發展房地產按揭和資產證券化,銀行參與債券發行,交易外國金融期貨,進入養老信託,向企業出售證券化貸款,將銀行完全推向市場和國際化,改造成「現代銀行」,廢除政府對銀行的保護。
金融自由化在相當程度上激化了金融固有的脆弱性。利率上限取消以及降低進入壁壘,引起銀行特許權價值降低,銀行部門的風險管理行為扭曲;金融業由分業經營走向混業經營;商業銀行和投資銀行日益融合,銀行過度介入證券市場。日本在1960一1980年企業借入資金為30%,80年代後下降到10%,進入90年代下降到5%。銀行收益減少,從事高風險高收益投資,加大了金融系統存在的道德風險。
3.心得:
很像,真的很像。印象很深刻,僅是日本換成中國,手法如出一轍,現在在強迫國際化的進程,更一絕的是,總統川普嘲諷一流,加速了泡沫進程,偉哉美帝。
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Sent from JPTT on my Sony D6653.
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Tags:
股票
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