歐盟大反擊!17 國簽署上億歐元半導體發 - 股票

By Damian
at 2020-12-29T10:16
at 2020-12-29T10:16
Table of Contents
歐盟大反擊!17 國簽署上億歐元半導體發展計劃,全球半導體格局或大變
美國在科技領域遙遙領先全世界,自然也體現在半導體領域的產業霸權。這次貿易戰美國
就以優勢制裁中國,但也讓其他國家半導體產業感覺有危險,如歐洲。
怎麼辦?獨立自主。
近期在歐盟委員會框架下,歐洲十多國簽署《歐洲處理器和半導體科技計劃聯合聲明》(
Declaration:A European Initiative on Processors and semiconductor
technologies),宣布未來 2~3 年投入 1,450 億歐元於半導體產業。
目的當然是為了避免被掐脖子。
17 個歐洲國家聯合聲明,將全力發展半導體
《聲明》於 12 月 7 日簽署,參與國家有:比利時、德國、愛沙尼亞、希臘、西班牙、
法國、克羅埃西亞、義大利、馬爾他、荷蘭、葡萄牙、斯洛維尼亞、芬蘭、羅馬尼亞、奧
地利、斯洛伐克和賽普勒斯。
而在疫情下,《聲明》是由 17 歐盟國相關部門官員遠端簽署。
《聲明》簽署者有法國、德國、荷蘭和義大利,都可算是歐洲半導體的代表國家。不過依
然有多國未簽署,有保加利亞、捷克、匈牙利、愛爾蘭、拉脫維亞、立陶宛、盧森堡、波
蘭和瑞典等。
《聲明》表示,簽署成員國同意共同努力,以加強歐洲的電子和內建系統價值鏈。這包括
兩方面:一是強化處理器和半導體生態系統,二是整個供應鏈擴大產業影響力──以應付
關鍵技術、安全和社會等挑戰。
《聲明》談到,半導體產業是嚴重依賴先進技術的全球性產業,體現於價值鏈各過程,如
半導體製造裝置、設計、生產、測試封裝,以及最終產品的內建和驗證──半導體業研發
支出占全收入的比例是所有產業最高,達 15%~20%。
《聲明》說:
正是因研發支出高昂,因此這產業的整合風氣非常嚴重,很大程度依賴透明的全球貿易和
公平競爭環境。
言外之意是,目前全球貿易不透明、不公平。
有趣的是,《聲明》還談到一趨勢:新的地緣政治、工業和技術現狀,正在重新定義競爭
環境──長期一直是全球業務的情況下,一些主要區域正在強化本土半導體生態系統,以
避免過度依賴進口。
就目前情況來看,《聲明》談到的主要區域明顯有包括中國。
減少對外依賴,歐盟要怎麼做?
全球半導體價值鏈中,歐洲也是不可忽視的參與者。
歐盟在半導體業的特定領域有不可忽視的實力,如電力電子、射頻技術、內建式 AI 智慧
感測器、微控制器、低功耗技術、安全部件及半導體製造裝置等;同時歐洲半導體廠商在
自動駕駛內建式系統和工業製造也有全球性實力;5G 和 6G 方面,歐洲也有強力的技術
地位。
不過從價值鏈來說,價值 4,400 億歐元的全球半導體市場,歐盟份額約 10%,就是 440
億歐元左右,這與歐盟的全球經濟份額相當不符:統計資料顯示,2019 年歐洲 GDP 占全
球 16.05%。
《聲明》中,歐盟強調越來越依賴其他地區晶片,尤其是電子通訊、資料處理、計算工作
等領域,為了保證歐洲的科技主權和競爭力,同時保證處理重要的環境和社會挑戰等能力
,歐洲必須增強發展下一代處理器和半導體的能力。
《聲明》甚至談到 2 奈米製程。
歐盟的意思也很明確:要在未來的半導體技術,減少依賴其他地區供應鏈,考慮到全球半
導體產業鏈現狀,其他地區也包括美國。
《聲明》還表示,簽署國將一起努力,加強歐盟設計至製造下一代可信且低功耗晶片的能
力,晶片應用領域包括高速網路、自動駕駛、太空防護、健康和農產品、人工智慧、資料
中心、整合光子學、超級計算和量子計算等。
要怎麼達成呢?一句話:投資。
《聲明》表示,達成上述目標,需要從歐盟預算、國家預算和私人資本大舉投資;其中
20% 的歐洲恢復和復原力基金(Recovery and Resilience Facility)20% 資金將用於數
位化轉型,2~3 年內投資將高達 1,450 億歐元。
《聲明》還強調,歐洲不應該錯過投資處理器研發、設計和製造能力的機會,儘管具體方
案、步驟、組織、分工等方面依舊還未出現。
世界半導體格局,未來可能會加劇變化
歐洲嘗試增強自身半導體實力、減少依賴外界同時,同樣趨勢也在中國發生。
2020 年 8 月,中國國務院發表《新時期促進積體電路產業和軟體產業高品質發展的若幹
政策》,表示積體電路產業和軟體產業是資訊產業的核心,是引領新一輪科技革命和產業
變革的關鍵力量。
資料顯示,2019 年中國晶片自給率為 30%,國家的目標是在 2025 年晶片自給率要達
70%。
2020 年 11 月初新華社受權發表的《中共中央關於制定國民經濟和社會發展第十四個五
年規劃和二〇三五年遠景目標的建議》(簡稱《規劃》),強調堅持創新在中國現代化建
設全域中的核心地位,把科技自立自強身為國家發展的戰略支撐。
《規劃》談到的未來 5 年將要重點發展的幾個重要尖端領域,當然包含積體電路。
不久前中國舉行的中央經濟工作會議,也強調要增強產業鏈供應鏈自主可控能力;具體來
說,就是要針對產業薄弱環節,實施關鍵核心技術攻關工程,儘快解決一批「掐脖子」問
題,毫無疑問,積體電路產業鏈的自主可控也含在內。
中國對積體電路產業自主可控的深刻認知,有個非常具體的大背景:在半導體領域占優勢
的美國,可輕易扼殺中國半導體企業。如華為海思就遭遇美國三次晶片制裁。
不僅如此,美國商務部不久前還宣布,將中國最大半導體代工中芯國際加入實體清單,並
將 10 奈米以上先進製程出口申請預設為否決。另外外界謠傳美國政府不准中芯國際從荷
蘭 AMSL 購買 EUV 光刻機,故遲遲未能獲得荷蘭政府的出口許可證。
這些都在表明核心技術掌握在自己手中的重要性,不僅中國,歐洲也從美國對中國的半導
體產業戰爭意識到這點。
《聲明》反映歐盟對全球半導體業形勢變化的某種危機感,以及嘗試走向半導體產業自立
自強的覺醒意識;但這只是開始,從計劃到實際行動,歐洲還有不少困難要克服。
但未來的半導體產業格局,可能會在中、歐皆選擇走向產業獨立的覺醒和努力下,產生令
人意想不到的變化。
A European Initiative on Processors and semiconductor technologies
https://reurl.cc/k0mzY3
1.原文連結:
※過長無法點擊者必須縮網址
2.原文內容:
3.心得/評論:
※必需填寫滿20字
歐盟開始注意半導體產業。
新聞裡提到"全球貿易不透明、不公平",應該還是指向中國政府的補助模式。
這個聲明的涵義除了宣示即將投資半導體業之外,或許也能猜測是歐盟在接下來
幾年內對於中國半導體業的看法可能趨向美國目前審查、反壟斷的態度。
會不會一樣要求台積電前往歐洲設廠?
畢竟接下來幾年能有二奈米製程的就是台積電了。
看來台積電要破千了。
--
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