末日博士:美股將重演2008年崩盤慘劇 - 股票
By Dorothy
at 2021-03-07T00:05
at 2021-03-07T00:05
Table of Contents
原文標題:
末日博士:美股將重演2008年崩盤慘劇 (請勿刪減原文標題)
原文連結:
https://ctee.com.tw/news/global/425439.html (請善用縮網址工具)
發布時間:
(請以原文網頁/報紙之發布時間為準)
工商時報 數位編輯 2021.03.06
原文內容:
著名經濟學家、因悲觀的預測而被暱稱為末日博士的魯比尼(Nouriel Roubini)撰文指出,現在美國不但存在金融市場泡沫,甚至連經濟也在泡沫化,最終大概會上演類似2008年那樣的慘劇。以下即魯比尼的文章:
美國經濟現在所經歷的,其實是一場「K形復甦」。那些擁有穩定的全職工作和福利,擁有一定金融資產的人,在股市不斷攀升的情況下,日子過得相當舒服。與此同時,那些沒有工作,或者是只能在低附加值的藍領和服務領域打零工的人,則不但沒有什麼金融財富,甚至還背負著債務,前景一片暗淡。
這些趨勢是顯示著美國日益陷入分裂,華爾街和人民日益脫節。美股市場不管怎樣狂飆,對於大多數人而言都毫無意義。美國財富金字塔下部的50%人口,加起來也只擁有全部美股資產的0.7%,而頂層的10%掌握著87.2%,最頂層的1%掌握著51.8%。最富有的50個美國人,掌握的財富相當於下層的1.65億美國人。
貧富不均的日益嚴重與大科技公司的興起關係密切。亞馬遜每創造一個就業機會,零售行業就要損失三個就業機會,在其他被科技巨頭們統治的領域當中,也都存在著類似的現象。不過,話雖如此,今日的這些社會和經濟壓力卻絕不是什麼新鮮事。在長達幾十年的時間當中,由於生活成本和支出預期持續增長,而根據通貨膨脹調整後的真實收入中位數卻止步不前,普通勞動者的日子正變得越來越捉襟見肘。
長期以來,這一問題的「解決方案」都是訴諸「金融民主化」,即讓這些貧窮的家庭獲得借款的管道,去購買他們其實根本負擔不起的住宅,然後再將住宅的淨值當作提款機。包括抵押貸款和其他債務在內的消費信貸大擴張,最終造就了一個超級泡沫,終結於2008年全球金融危機,當時,成百上千萬的美國人失去了自己的工作、住宅和積蓄。
現在,這些十年前慘遭洗劫的千禧世代再度墜入了陷阱。那些打著散工、零工,或者是所謂自由職業者身份的勞動者看到了一根新的「金融民主化」繩索,他們以為自己可以沿著後者爬到更高的位置,但實際上,那卻是一條要命的絞索。總而言之,在這新一輪騙局當中,成百上千萬人在羅賓漢(Robinhood)或者其他交易app上開了帳戶,大量舉債,將相當於自己收入若數倍的賭注押在那些實際上一文不值的股票身上。
對於近期的遊戲驛站軋空風潮,許多人都將其描述為一場英雄史詩:日間交易的小散戶們結成統一戰線,與對沖基金惡魔對抗,大獲全勝。然而,無論怎樣的修飾都不能抹殺事情真正的本來面目。這群沒有工作、沒有技能、債務纏身、看不到希望的人再次上了騙子的當。他們當中許多人已經開始相信一種荒唐的邏輯:哪怕沒有好的工作,不耐心地去儲蓄和投資,單單靠著各種快速賺錢竅門,或者是對虛擬貨幣等沒有價值的資產投下重注,也一樣可以獲得財務成功。
此處再重複一遍:千萬不要將千禧世代的大衛們團結起來,戰勝華爾街歌利亞的梗當真,事情的真相是,這些愚蠢又業餘的散戶們正在被割第二輪韭菜。和2008年的時候一樣,又一個資產泡沫已經是不可避免的結果。差別就在於,這一回,國會當中的民粹派政客還摻和了進來,他們調查和指責那些金融中介機構,因為後者居然不允許散戶們給自己更瘋狂地增加槓桿。
讓局面雪上加霜的是,市場現在終於開始擔心美國聯準會和財政部的超級實驗了,這個實驗打著「量化寬鬆」的旗號(或者按照現代貨幣理論的說法,就是「直升機撒錢」),本質就是預算赤字貨幣化。越來越多的批評者指出,這種做法最終會導致經濟過熱,迫使聯準會在比大家預期早得多的時間點開始加息。無論在名目還是真實利率,債券收益率都已經開始上漲,經濟復甦已經不再被他們視為利好消息,相反卻成為了盤整的潛在導火線。
與此同時,國會當中的民主黨人還在全力推進1.9兆美元的紓困計劃。理論上說來,這當中有很大一部分是直接支持家庭的撥款,問題在於,數以百萬計的家庭現在都債台高築,他們拖欠了房租、水電費、抵押貸款、信用卡債務等等,這也就意味著這些直接交給家庭和個人的資金,大量都將被用來還債,或者是儲蓄起來,預計全部紓困資金只有大約三分之一會轉化為實際支出。
在這種情況下,刺激計劃對於經濟增長、通貨膨脹,以及債券殖利率的影響,極可能將比預期小得多。此外,額外的儲蓄遲早將會流向政府債券,這也就意味著,到了最後,所謂救援處在困境當中的美國家庭,實質上是變成了救援銀行和其他放款機構。
當然,必須看到的是,在財政赤字貨幣化和需求面不利衝擊的聯合作用下,通貨膨脹依然可能成為現實,最終使得美國經濟走向停滯膨脹。只是,這樣的可能性已經是屬於中期預測的部分了,至少2021年暫時不必考慮。
在2021年當中,美國經濟的真實增長速度完全可能不及預期。新冠病毒的新變種不斷出現,讓人們不能不擔心既有的疫苗很可能已經不足以終結疫情。經濟不斷啟動、封鎖,又啟動、又封鎖的進程會不斷侵蝕人們的信心,使得在疫情完全結束之前重啟經濟的政治壓力不斷增大。許多中小型企業現在依然掙扎在破產的邊緣,太多人正面臨著長期失業的前景。
然而,資產市場卻泡沫氣息濃烈,或者不如乾脆說已經處在泡沫當中了,因為它們得到了超級寬鬆貨幣政策的「餵養」。現在的美股比益比已經接近1929年和2000年那種巨型泡沫破滅前夕的高檔,而市場槓桿化程度還在不斷提升,特殊目的收購公司(SPAC)越來越炙手可熱,還有大科技股、虛擬貨幣等等,今天的市場上有太多東西都令人無法不神經緊張。
在這樣的環境之下,聯準會很可能會擔心,一旦他們撤走派對的「酒杯」,市場就將崩盤。伴隨公共和私營部門的債務持續猛增,美國經濟中期滯脹的可能性,以及資產市場和經濟本身最終硬著陸的可能性,也是在與日俱增。
文章來源:Business Iinsider
(中時新聞網 趙永紝)
心得/評論: ※必需填寫滿20字
要重演2008了
一堆人準備失業
一堆企業要破產
這篇這樣說
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