各種「利率」 - 股票
By Rae
at 2007-08-20T09:39
at 2007-08-20T09:39
Table of Contents
重貼現率 discount rate。
重貼現是當銀行資金短絀時,以其對客戶貼現而持有的商業票據向中央銀行請
求資金融通稱為「重貼現」,而銀行必須付給中央銀行的利率就稱為「重貼現
率」。調整重貼現率為中央銀行重要的貨幣政策工具之一。
擔保放款融通利率
是指銀行以政府公債、央行所發行的定期存單、貼現之商業票券等央行認可之
合格票券,作為擔保品,向央行申請擔保放款融通的利率。
聯邦基金利率 Federal Funds Rate。
聯邦基金利率即是美國銀行間的隔夜拆款利率,代表的是短期市場利率水準,
通常FOMC會對聯邦基金利率設定目標區間,透過公開市場操作以確保利率維持
在此區間內。而要觀察FOMC未來利率政策的調整方向,最好的指標便是FOMC會
議後所發表的政策聲明(Policy Statement)。
金融業拆款利率 Interbank money market interest rates。同業拆款利率。
金融業拆款市場為金融同業間短期、及期資金借貸的利率,該利率被視為短期
利率的基準。
隔夜拆款利率 Interbank Call Loan Rate。Interbank Offered Rate。
是指金融同業的資金借貸利率,也就是參加銀行同業拆款中心之會員(包括銀
行、票券公司、信託投資公司、郵匯局等),可以向其他會員拆入或拆出資金
的利率,為貨幣市場短期利率指標之一。
LIBOR London Interbank Offered Rate。倫敦銀行同業拆息利率。
是倫敦國際銀行同業間從事歐洲美元資金拆放的利率,為國際資本市場上美元
貸款的計息參考基礎。
是倫敦國際銀行同業間從事歐洲美元資金拆放的利率,拆放期限可從短期的隔
夜至長達5年,當中以3個月期或6個月期最為常見。倫敦是歐洲通貨聯合貸款之
最主要市場,實際貸款利率會以LIBOR為基礎,再加減碼而定。
LIBOR利率水準是在每天早上11點,由倫敦之德意志銀行(Deutsche Bank)、西
敏寺銀行(National Westminster)、摩根銀行(Morgan Guarantee)、東京三菱
銀行(Bank of Tokyo&Mitsubishi)及法國巴黎國家(Banque Nationale de Paris)
銀行等五家主要銀行協商議定。
殖利率
(1) 在債券市場中,殖利率是指投資債券至到期日這段期間的投資報酬率,通
常會是市場利率。因為是持有至到期日,所以又稱「到期殖利率(Yield To
Maturity,YTM)」。殖利率也是用以計算債券價格時的折現率,殖利率上升,
債券價格下跌,殖利率下降,債券價格上升。
(2) 在股票市場中,殖利率是將股利除以股價計算而得。通常會與銀行利息相
比,若股票殖利率高於銀行利息,則該檔個股的持有報酬率優於銀行。
實質利率 Real Interest Rates。
實質利率是將價格因素從名目利率(即一般的牌告利率、借款利率)中扣除,
以真實反應出利率水準。依照費雪方程式,實質利率等於名目利率減去通貨膨
脹率。例如,將銀行牌告一年定存的利率減去CPI年增率,可求得實質的一年定
存利率。
固定利率
在存款或借款契約期間,當行庫調整牌告利率、基本放款利率時,加計存放款
的利率水準並不會跟著變動。
機動利率
在存款或借款契約期間,當行庫調整牌告利率、基本放款利率時,加計存放款
的利率水準也跟著變動。
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