中美膽小鬼賽局 - 股票
By Bethany
at 2019-05-10T22:26
at 2019-05-10T22:26
Table of Contents
(一) 快速複習貿易戰現況
(二) 高盛和瑞銀此前的預測
(三) 膽小鬼賽局
古巴危機 (未正式開戰,握手言和)
藍光光碟 vs. HD-DVD (正式開戰,Sony勝)
二戰的美日 (正式開戰,美勝)
(四) 結語 (賭盤?!)
────────────
(一) 快速複習貿易戰現況
https://imgur.com/l8oGM6j.jpg
https://imgur.com/DU9pVpT.jpg
https://imgur.com/YBRZ99j.jpg
距離中國貨品(大部分海運)至美國還有2~4週,也就是還有時間繼續談判。
(二) 高盛和瑞銀此前的預測
05/06 高盛估計,美國本周加關稅的機率為40%,意味特朗普有60%機會只動口、不動手。
05/08 瑞銀認為貿易談判破裂的可能性約為30%。
05/09 高盛分析師菲利普斯認為,華府上調關稅的機率為60%。
現在,25%關稅,Trump 動口、也動手了!
(三) 膽小鬼賽局
談判初期表現正面情緒,有助於策略思考,並創造更多價值(把餅做大);而談判進入尾聲
時,表現出憤怒、強硬的態度,則有助於瓜分更多已定的總談判價值(分餅時間)。前期正
面情緒,後期負面情緒,是最好的策略。
而膽小鬼賽局(the game of chicken),典型的版本,即為兩人開車對撞的選擇
https://imgur.com/lZn3Xm0.jpg
--------
(昨日文章) [心得] 從景氣月刊、各國總經、貿易戰看未來(上)
https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Stock/M.1557336729.A.E4B.html
--------
根據上方昨日發的文章中推理,中、美雙方都亟欲達成協議。隨著談盤接近結尾,儘管雙
方心裡都萬分不樂見協議正式破裂,但中、美雙方都極力想瓜分這塊餅,因此雙方進入了
叫囂的 8+9激活態。那就不得不複習一下三個膽小者賽局案例了:
(1)古巴危機 (未正式開戰,握手言和)
1962年的古巴危機,是全世界最接近核戰的時刻。
1962年10月,一架美國U-2偵察機在古巴上空被一枚SA-2反空飛彈擊中墜毀。另一架美國
海軍的RF-8A也被37 mm防空砲火擊中,當時幾乎所有人都預料美國會在數小時內進行報復
,第三次世界大戰似乎不可避免。甘迺迪決定不報復並表示同意繼續談判。他向赫魯雪夫
密電表示同意赫魯雪夫的第二封、比較官方的信中建議的撤回布署在土耳其的飛彈。
此時,膽小鬼遊戲進行到了最高潮,遊戲開始了,該怎麼和平結束呢?
方法一,你必須展現打死不退的精神,例如把方向盤拆掉或是弄壞煞車器。只要對方確定
你採取的策略是踩油門,他必定會轉彎,避免最糟的情況發生。
方法二,求助善意的第三方來協調。
在古巴危機中,羅素和教宗若望二十三世擔任了善意的第三方這個角色。他們的居中協調
,對於解決僵局起了一定的作用。(中美貿易戰的善意第三方會是...?)
在膽小鬼難題中,挽回面子正是雙方最需要的。當一方能夠找到藉口做出讓步,膽小鬼的
僵局就此解開。古巴危機之後,美蘇雙方開始協商,並建立了「熱線」以便在緊急情況下
可立即溝通避免衝突升級。(中國目前也表示他們需要面子)
合作賽局與不合作賽局的差別,在於賽局的參與者之間,是否存在具有約束力的協議,而
溝通便是賽局由不合作走向合作的關鍵因子。只要雙方開始有效的對談,通往合作雙贏的
路途就會慢慢開啟。
(2)藍光光碟 vs. HD-DVD (正式開戰,Sony勝利)
Sony 藍光光碟和 Toshiba HD-DVD的戰爭,從2002年開始......
https://imgur.com/lKYLtiR.jpg
最終,2008年,Toshiba 宣布停止 HD-DVD 的開發計畫、生產線,損失達數百億日圓。在
這場規格大戰的膽小者賽局裡,Sony 成了贏者全拿的英雄,致於 Toshiba 雖然被破退出
市場,但總比當個撞死的英雄好。
(3) 二戰的美日 (正式開戰,美勝)
1950年代開始,賽局理論受到大眾懷疑與非難,原因是牽涉到參與者的價值體系:賽局表
的每一格,代表每個決策組合所產生的「效用」,而這效用的大小因人而異,並不能以單
一方式一概而論,你需要完全了解對手的思維,才能以此為依據決定自己的策略。
舉例來說,在二戰期間假設美國的思維是:若對手選擇繼續戰爭,那我肯定要繼續,因為
兩敗俱傷比我單方毀滅好;若對手選擇停戰,我也選擇停戰,因為在我的價值觀裡世界和
平比我和平然後毀了對手還要好。
假設日本亦為這樣的判斷思維,奈許均解就會有兩種,一為(戰爭,戰爭),二為(世界
和平,世界和平)。繼續分析效用值之後,最後雙方的決策很可能導向(停戰,停戰)這
個圓滿的結局:
https://imgur.com/ywfHhYk.jpg
但許多軍國主義國家(如日本),可能會偏好(自身和平,對方毀滅)勝過(世界和平,
世界和平),因而大大影響賽局的均衡解。假定侵略方抱著利己損人的心態,日本在美國
選擇停戰時仍會選擇繼續打仗,那麼納許均解就會走向(戰爭,戰爭),於是,二戰是直
到美國投下兩顆原子彈才徹底畫下句點。
(延伸閱讀:日本人為何不仇美?因為原子彈給了他們一個投降的理由)
(https://hk.thenewslens.com/article/16538)
(四) 結語 (賭盤?!)
主走海運的中國貨品,尚需2~4週才會抵達美國。這裡「定義」到時後運達美國,25%關稅
還沒取消的話,就當作正式開戰,那賭盤先開起來啦!
(1) 未正式開戰 (貨品抵達前取消25%關稅,反之為開戰)
(2) 正式開戰,打了一段時間後,美國勝
(3) 正式開戰,打了一段時間後,中國勝 (?)
我壓身家加賭(1),輸的話底下前50樓隨機抽取5個人,每人發600P !!
*註* 特別補充,2018年貿易戰,關稅造成美國的無謂損失(deadweight loss)、進口商的
損失,加起來遠比美國課到的關稅多 ~ 差不多每課 1元關稅,最後 3 項加總共會損失
1元。
https://imgur.com/ma5FdDr.jpg
上圖出自論文
The Impact of the 2018 Trade War on U.S. Prices and Welfare
https://www.princeton.edu/~reddings/papers/CEPR-DP13564.pdf
────────────
< Reference >
縮減文長,放 google doc
http://bit.ly/2Hbc0LY
--
(二) 高盛和瑞銀此前的預測
(三) 膽小鬼賽局
古巴危機 (未正式開戰,握手言和)
藍光光碟 vs. HD-DVD (正式開戰,Sony勝)
二戰的美日 (正式開戰,美勝)
(四) 結語 (賭盤?!)
────────────
(一) 快速複習貿易戰現況
https://imgur.com/l8oGM6j.jpg
https://imgur.com/DU9pVpT.jpg
https://imgur.com/YBRZ99j.jpg
距離中國貨品(大部分海運)至美國還有2~4週,也就是還有時間繼續談判。
(二) 高盛和瑞銀此前的預測
05/06 高盛估計,美國本周加關稅的機率為40%,意味特朗普有60%機會只動口、不動手。
05/08 瑞銀認為貿易談判破裂的可能性約為30%。
05/09 高盛分析師菲利普斯認為,華府上調關稅的機率為60%。
現在,25%關稅,Trump 動口、也動手了!
(三) 膽小鬼賽局
談判初期表現正面情緒,有助於策略思考,並創造更多價值(把餅做大);而談判進入尾聲
時,表現出憤怒、強硬的態度,則有助於瓜分更多已定的總談判價值(分餅時間)。前期正
面情緒,後期負面情緒,是最好的策略。
而膽小鬼賽局(the game of chicken),典型的版本,即為兩人開車對撞的選擇
https://imgur.com/lZn3Xm0.jpg
--------
(昨日文章) [心得] 從景氣月刊、各國總經、貿易戰看未來(上)
https://www.ptt.cc/bbs/Stock/M.1557336729.A.E4B.html
--------
根據上方昨日發的文章中推理,中、美雙方都亟欲達成協議。隨著談盤接近結尾,儘管雙
方心裡都萬分不樂見協議正式破裂,但中、美雙方都極力想瓜分這塊餅,因此雙方進入了
叫囂的 8+9激活態。那就不得不複習一下三個膽小者賽局案例了:
(1)古巴危機 (未正式開戰,握手言和)
1962年的古巴危機,是全世界最接近核戰的時刻。
1962年10月,一架美國U-2偵察機在古巴上空被一枚SA-2反空飛彈擊中墜毀。另一架美國
海軍的RF-8A也被37 mm防空砲火擊中,當時幾乎所有人都預料美國會在數小時內進行報復
,第三次世界大戰似乎不可避免。甘迺迪決定不報復並表示同意繼續談判。他向赫魯雪夫
密電表示同意赫魯雪夫的第二封、比較官方的信中建議的撤回布署在土耳其的飛彈。
此時,膽小鬼遊戲進行到了最高潮,遊戲開始了,該怎麼和平結束呢?
方法一,你必須展現打死不退的精神,例如把方向盤拆掉或是弄壞煞車器。只要對方確定
你採取的策略是踩油門,他必定會轉彎,避免最糟的情況發生。
方法二,求助善意的第三方來協調。
在古巴危機中,羅素和教宗若望二十三世擔任了善意的第三方這個角色。他們的居中協調
,對於解決僵局起了一定的作用。(中美貿易戰的善意第三方會是...?)
在膽小鬼難題中,挽回面子正是雙方最需要的。當一方能夠找到藉口做出讓步,膽小鬼的
僵局就此解開。古巴危機之後,美蘇雙方開始協商,並建立了「熱線」以便在緊急情況下
可立即溝通避免衝突升級。(中國目前也表示他們需要面子)
合作賽局與不合作賽局的差別,在於賽局的參與者之間,是否存在具有約束力的協議,而
溝通便是賽局由不合作走向合作的關鍵因子。只要雙方開始有效的對談,通往合作雙贏的
路途就會慢慢開啟。
(2)藍光光碟 vs. HD-DVD (正式開戰,Sony勝利)
Sony 藍光光碟和 Toshiba HD-DVD的戰爭,從2002年開始......
https://imgur.com/lKYLtiR.jpg
最終,2008年,Toshiba 宣布停止 HD-DVD 的開發計畫、生產線,損失達數百億日圓。在
這場規格大戰的膽小者賽局裡,Sony 成了贏者全拿的英雄,致於 Toshiba 雖然被破退出
市場,但總比當個撞死的英雄好。
(3) 二戰的美日 (正式開戰,美勝)
1950年代開始,賽局理論受到大眾懷疑與非難,原因是牽涉到參與者的價值體系:賽局表
的每一格,代表每個決策組合所產生的「效用」,而這效用的大小因人而異,並不能以單
一方式一概而論,你需要完全了解對手的思維,才能以此為依據決定自己的策略。
舉例來說,在二戰期間假設美國的思維是:若對手選擇繼續戰爭,那我肯定要繼續,因為
兩敗俱傷比我單方毀滅好;若對手選擇停戰,我也選擇停戰,因為在我的價值觀裡世界和
平比我和平然後毀了對手還要好。
假設日本亦為這樣的判斷思維,奈許均解就會有兩種,一為(戰爭,戰爭),二為(世界
和平,世界和平)。繼續分析效用值之後,最後雙方的決策很可能導向(停戰,停戰)這
個圓滿的結局:
https://imgur.com/ywfHhYk.jpg
但許多軍國主義國家(如日本),可能會偏好(自身和平,對方毀滅)勝過(世界和平,
世界和平),因而大大影響賽局的均衡解。假定侵略方抱著利己損人的心態,日本在美國
選擇停戰時仍會選擇繼續打仗,那麼納許均解就會走向(戰爭,戰爭),於是,二戰是直
到美國投下兩顆原子彈才徹底畫下句點。
(延伸閱讀:日本人為何不仇美?因為原子彈給了他們一個投降的理由)
(https://hk.thenewslens.com/article/16538)
(四) 結語 (賭盤?!)
主走海運的中國貨品,尚需2~4週才會抵達美國。這裡「定義」到時後運達美國,25%關稅
還沒取消的話,就當作正式開戰,那賭盤先開起來啦!
(1) 未正式開戰 (貨品抵達前取消25%關稅,反之為開戰)
(2) 正式開戰,打了一段時間後,美國勝
(3) 正式開戰,打了一段時間後,中國勝 (?)
我壓身家加賭(1),輸的話底下前50樓隨機抽取5個人,每人發600P !!
*註* 特別補充,2018年貿易戰,關稅造成美國的無謂損失(deadweight loss)、進口商的
損失,加起來遠比美國課到的關稅多 ~ 差不多每課 1元關稅,最後 3 項加總共會損失
1元。
https://imgur.com/ma5FdDr.jpg
上圖出自論文
The Impact of the 2018 Trade War on U.S. Prices and Welfare
https://www.princeton.edu/~reddings/papers/CEPR-DP13564.pdf
────────────
< Reference >
縮減文長,放 google doc
http://bit.ly/2Hbc0LY
--
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